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Rocket Power

Rocket Power. Introduction to Rockets and Missiles Scott Schoneman. Agenda. What is a rocket? Definitions and Equations Types of Rocket Propulsion Launch Vehicles and Missiles. What is a Rocket?.

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Rocket Power

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  1. Rocket Power Introduction to Rockets and Missiles Scott Schoneman

  2. Agenda • What is a rocket? • Definitions and Equations • Types of Rocket Propulsion • Launch Vehicles and Missiles

  3. What is a Rocket? • “Any of a type of jet-propulsion device carrying either solid or liquid propellants that provide both the fuel and oxidizer required for combustion” - Encyclopedia Britannica • Produces thrust by expelling propellant at a high velocity

  4. Key Rocket Terms • Thrust, T: Force Generated By a Rocket • Measured in pounds (lbf) or Newtons • Impulse (or Total Impulse), I: Total Energy Produced by a the Rocket • Impulse, I = Thrust x Time • Specific Impulse, Isp: Measure of Rocket Motor Efficiency • Amount Of Energy In One Unit Of Propellant Mass • Isp = Thrust/ Weight Flow per Second)

  5. Key Rocket Terms, Cont’d • Effective Exhaust Velocity: Average Velocity at Which Propellant is Ejected • Mass Ratio: Total Mass at Liftoff Divided by Total Mass At Burnout • Indication of Rocket Performance: Less Empty Mass and More Propellant Are Good • Mass Fraction: Percentage of vehicle (or motor) that is propellant

  6. Rocket Thrust • Combination of Reaction to Mass Ejection and Pressure at Nozzle Exit Plane: Force M*a

  7. Types of Rocket Propulsion • Liquid Propellant Rockets • Solid Propellant Rockets • Hybrid Rockets • “Exotic” Rockets

  8. Liquid Propellant Rockets • Separate Liquid Fuel and Liquid Oxidizer • Typical Fuel/Oxidizer Combinations • Kerosene/Liquid Oxygen (LOX) • Liquid Hydrogen/LOX • Alcohol/LOX • Kerosene/Hydrogen Peroxide • Hydrazine/Nitrogen Tetroxide (Hypergolic)

  9. Saturn V Stage 1 (F-1) Motor • Length: 5.6 meters (18 feet, 4 inches) • Maximum diameter: 5.6 meters (11 feet, 11 inches) • Weight: 8200 kilograms (18,000 pounds) • Maximum thrust at sea level: 690,000 kilograms (1,522,000 pounds) • Propellants: Liquid oxygen and kerosene • Manufactured by Rocketdyne Each Saturn V Stage 1 Used Five! (1.15 Billion lb-sec Impulse!)

  10. Solid Propellant Rockets • Fuel and Oxidizer Combined in Single Compound • Blend of Fuels, Oxidizer, Binders to Give Desired Characteristics • “Black Powder” (Model Rocket Motors) • Aluminum Powder (Fuel)/Ammonium perchlorate (Oxidizer)/Binder(Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene, HTPB)

  11. Orion Solid Rocket Motors • Built by ATK, Utah • Used for Orbital’s Pegasus, Taurus, Minotaur and other Vehicles • Composite Case • Diameter: • 50 in. (Orion 50) • 38 in. (Orion 38)

  12. Hybrid Rocket Motors • Combine Solid Propellant With Liquid or Gaseous Oxidizer • Provides Benefits of Solid Motor (Storable) with Some Liquid Motor Benefits (Stop-Start, Variable Thrust) • Typical Propellant: Rubber, PVC • Typical Oxidizer: LOX, Nitrous Oxide

  13. “Exotic” Motors Have Higher Isp’s(But Much Lower Thrusts)

  14. Launch Vehicles vs. Missiles • Launch Vehicle: Goes to Orbit • Missile: Suborbital and/or Stays In Atmosphere (Usually at a Target) Space Launch Vehicle (Sea Launch) Missile (Standard Missile)

  15. A Couple Missiles…. AMRAAM AIM-9X

  16. Pegasus Space Launch Vehicle • Manufacturer: Orbital Sciences Corp • 1000 lbm to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (100 nm)

  17. Sea Launch Space Launch Vehicle • Integrator: Boeing • Uses Russian Zenit Launch Vehicle

  18. Delta Launch Vehicles • Manufacturer: Boeing • Delta II - 891 to 2,142 kg (1,965 to 4,723 lb) GTO and from 2.7 to 6.0 metric tons (5,934 to 13,281 lb) to low-Earth orbit (LEO). • Delta III - 3,810 kg (8,400 lb) to GTO (Approx 2x Delta II) • Delta IV (EELV) • Medium: 4,210 kg (9,285 lb) to GTO • Heavy: 13,130 kg (28,950 lb) to GTO

  19. Atlas Space Launch Vehicles • Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin • Atlas II - payloads mass from 6,200 lb (2,812 kg) to 8,200 lb (3,719 kg) to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). • Atlas III - payloads up to 9,920 lb (4,500 kg) to GTO. • EELV Atlas V family is capable of lifting payloads up to 19,114 lb (8,670 kg) to GTO.

  20. Titan Launch Vehicles • Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin • Titan II: Up to 4,200 lb (1909 kg) into polar low-Earth orbit • Titan II w/ GEM Strap-Ons: Up to 7,800 lb (3545.5 kg) to polar low-Earth orbit • Titan IV: >47,800 lb into LEO or > 12,700 lb into geosynchronous orbit

  21. Ariane Space Launch Vehicles • Manufacturer: Arianespace (European Consortium) • Ariane 5: 10,000 kg (22,000 lbm) to GTO • Launches from French Guiana

  22. Soyuz Launch Vehicle

  23. Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS) • Manufacturer: Orbital • Raises Spacecraft from Shuttle Orbit to Higher Orbits (or Escape Velocity)

  24. Orbital Launch Vehicle Family 100 Suborbital and Target Vehicles InterceptorVehicles Space LaunchVehicles 80 60 Length(Feet) 40 20 0 Short-RangeTargetVehicle Medium-RangeTargetVehicle Long-RangeTargetVehicle Missile DefenseInterceptorBoost Vehicle Pegasus SpaceLaunch Vehicle Minotaur SpaceLaunch Vehicle Taurus SpaceLaunch Vehicle

  25. Minotaur Space Launch Vehicle • Upper Stack Assembly (USA) • 50 In. Pegasus Payload Fairing • OSP-Standard Avionics • Inertial Guidance • Modular Avionics Components • Pegasus Avionics Structure and RCS • Orion-38 Insertion Stage 4 • Orion-50XL Stage 3 • Interstage • Lower Stack Assembly (LSA) • Minuteman II Boosters: Stages 1 & 2 • Solid Rocket Motors • Unmodified, GFE Systems

  26. Minotaur Stacking Flow

  27. Minotaur Mission Profile

  28. Photo by Brian Web Inaugural Minotaur Launch JAWSAT Mission - 26 Jan 2000

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