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Module 8

Module 8. DNS Tools & Diagnostics. DNS Tools & Diagnostics. Dig always available with BIND (*nix) and windows Nslookup available on windows and *nix Dig on windows – unpack zip, copy only dig.exe, libbind9.dll, libdns.dll, libisc.dll, libisccfg.dll, liblwres.dll to portable media

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Module 8

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  1. Module 8 DNS Tools & Diagnostics

  2. DNS Tools & Diagnostics • Dig always available with BIND (*nix) and windows • Nslookup available on windows and *nix • Dig on windows – unpack zip, copy only dig.exe, libbind9.dll, libdns.dll, libisc.dll, libisccfg.dll, liblwres.dll to portable media • SamSpade.org provides windows GUI utility with dig. Freeware.

  3. DIG • Command line tool – tons of options • Powerful – gives precise DNS RRs • Typically only available with BIND • Casual use on Windows • Unpack Windows zip file • Copy to portable media dig.exe, libbind9.dll, libdns.dll, libisc.dll, libisccfg.dll, liblwres.dll • Google for SamSpade.org GUI DNS tools including DIG

  4. Dig Command Format • Tons of options to govern formatting and behavior • -x required for reverse lookup • @dns = optionally defines the name or IP of name server to send the query – default is locally defined DNS (typically recursive) • target-name = name required • type = RR type (default is A) Additional pseudo types any and axfr dig [opts] [@dns] target-name type

  5. Dig Commands dig www.example.com Returns A RR of www.example.com using local DNS dig @ns1.example.com www.example.com Returns A RR of www.example.com using using ns1.example.com authoritative name server for domain dig www.example.com any Returns any RRs with label of www.example.com using local DNS dig –x 192.168.2.5 Returns reverse lookup for 192.168.2.5 using local DNS

  6. DIG command dig @ns1.example.com www.example.com

  7. DIG Response ; <<>> DiG 9.4.1-P1 <<>> ns1.example.com www.example.com ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 49319 ;; flags: qr rd ra aa; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;www.example.com. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: www.example.com. 5 IN A 10.10.0.5 www.example.com. 5 IN A 10.10.0.6 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: example.com. 172800 IN NS ns1.example.com. example.com. 172800 IN NS ns2.example.com. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ns1.example.com. 3000 IN A 10.10.0.8 ns2.example.com. 3000 IN A 10.10.0.9 ;; SERVER: 192.5.6.30#53(192.5.6.30)

  8. DIG Response • May contain up to 5 sections • Header – flags, status, id • QUESTION SECTION • The query • ANSWER SECTION • Present only if successful • AUTHORITY SECTION • One or more name servers • ADDITIONAL SECTION • Typically A/AAAA RRs of name servers

  9. DNS Flag Values QR – Query response received. Indicates direction of query AA - Authoritative Answer. Set if the response was received from a zone master or slave. TC - TrunCation - length greater than permitted, set on all truncated messages except the last one. RD - Recursion Desired - set in a query and copied into the response if recursion supported. RA - Recursion Available - valid in a response and if set denotes recursive query support is available. AD - Authenticated Data. DNSSEC only. Indicates that the data was reliably authenticated. CD - Checking Disabled. DNSSEC only. Disables checking at the receiving server.

  10. DNS Status Values 0 = NOERR. No error. 1 = FORMERR. Format error - the server was unable to interpret the query. 2 = SERVFAIL – name server problem or lack of information. Often also returned with the same meaning as REFUSED. 3= NXDOMAIN Name does not exist - meaningful only from an authoritative name server. 4 = NOTIMPL Not Implemented. 5 = REFUSED - typically for policy reasons, for example, a zone transfer request.

  11. DIG Result • No errors (NOERROR) • Flags query response, recursion desired, recursion available, authoritative • Answer = 2 A RRs for the web server • Authority = 2 name servers • Additional = 2 A RRs of name servers

  12. DIG commands dig @a.root-servers.net www.example.com

  13. DIG Response ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 15570 ;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 13, ADDITIONAL: 14 ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;www.example.com. IN A ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: com. 172800 IN NS A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. com 172800 IN NS M.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 172800 IN A 192.5.6.30 A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:a83e::2:30 .... ;; Query time: 38 msec ;; SERVER: 198.41.0.4#53(198.41.0.4)

  14. DIG Response • No error = NOERROR • Status = query response, recursion desired • No answer section • Authority = multiple • Additional = multiple A RRs • This is a referral

  15. NSLOOKUP • Available on windows and with BIND (*nix) • Command line and interactive mode • Default pretty print output • Useful quick check • depends on mindset • Detailed data or overview • Use –d2 option for RRs nslookup [opts] target [dns]

  16. NSLOOKUP Commands nslookup -type=MX example.com Gets mail server records for example.com using locally defined name server nslookup 192.168.2.1 Gets reverse mapped name for 192.168.2.1 nslookup www.example.com ns1.example.com Gets A RR for www.example.com using name server ns1.example.com nslookup Enter interactive mode – exit to terminate

  17. NSLOOKUP # nslookup www.example.com Server: ns1.example.net Address: 192.168.6.73 Name: www.example.com Address: 192.168.2.80 # nslookup www.example.com ns1.example.com Server: ns1.example.com Address: 192.168.2.53 Name: www.example.com Address: 192.168.2.80

  18. Additional Tools - BIND • named-checkzone, named-checkconf – validation utilities • Rndc, rndc-confgen – remote control of name server (optionally secure) • nsupdate - Dynamic Update (DDNS) of DNS RRs • dnssec-keygen, dnssec-signzone – secure DNS cryptographic tools

  19. DNS Logging • BIND defaults to syslog (*nix) • BIND Controlled by logging clause • Windows DNS Event log via DNS console or Event log (DNS) • Debug log default systemroot\System32\Dns\Dns.log (text file) DNS console Properties->logging

  20. BIND Log Analysis • stream log carefully (category) • single or multiple logs • watch log size! (use version/size) • iterate based on experience • post processing tools • know what a normal log looks like

  21. BIND Log Analysis lame-servers: unexpected RCODE (REFUSED) resolving 'mail10fr2.emthtpmy1.net/A/IN': 213.251.188.141#53 update-security: client 69.196.169.154#49160: update 'mediazoneplus.com/IN' denied security: client 93.174.93.72#35411: query (cache) 'doc.gov/ANY/IN' denied lame-servers: unexpected RCODE (SERVFAIL) resolving 'cns.electro-com.ru/A/IN': 86.110.161.228#53 lame-servers: host unreachable resolving 'mumns5.mtnl.net.in/A/IN': 198.32.64.12#53 security: client 12.190.240.131#9980: query (cache) 'google.com/A/IN' denied lame-servers: connection refused resolving 'pdns5.ultradns.info/A/IN': 2001:500:1a::1#53 security: client 128.223.8.114#45985: query (cache) 'com/ANY/IN' denied lame-servers: connection refused resolving '211.142.235.91.in-addr.arpa/PTR/IN': 2001:470:300::2#53

  22. Quick Quiz • What is the default RR type for dig? • What is the default RR type for nslookup? • Name any BIND utility? • Can you run dig on windows? • Dig command for mx RR for google.com? • Nslookup command for mx RR for google.com?

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