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MET TC670 B1 Computer Science Concepts in Telecommunication Systems

MET TC670 B1 Computer Science Concepts in Telecommunication Systems Fall 2003 Lecture 8, November 11, 2003 The security environment Basics of cryptography User authentication Attacks from inside the system Attacks from outside the system Protection mechanisms

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MET TC670 B1 Computer Science Concepts in Telecommunication Systems

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  1. MET TC670 B1Computer Science Concepts in Telecommunication Systems Fall 2003

  2. Lecture 8, November 11, 2003 • The security environment • Basics of cryptography • User authentication • Attacks from inside the system • Attacks from outside the system • Protection mechanisms

  3. The Security Environment Security goals and threats

  4. Intruders Common Categories • Casual prying by non-technical users • Snooping by insiders • Determined attempt to make money • Commercial or military espionage

  5. Accidental Data Loss Common Causes • Acts of God fires, floods, wars • Hardware or software errors CPU malfunction, bad disk, program bugs • Human errors data entry, wrong tape mounted

  6. Lecture 8, November 11 • The security environment • Basics of cryptography • User authentication • Attacks from inside the system • Attacks from outside the system • Protection mechanisms

  7. Basics of Cryptography Relationship between the plaintext and the ciphertext

  8. Secret-Key Cryptography • Mono-alphabetic substitution • each letter replaced by different letter • Given the encryption key, • easy to find decryption key • Secret-key crypto called symmetric-key crypto

  9. Public-Key Cryptography • All users pick a public key/private key pair • publish the public key • private key not published • Public key is the encryption key • private key is the decryption key

  10. One-Way Functions • Function such that given formula for f(x) • easy to evaluate y = f(x) • But given y • computationally infeasible to find x

  11. Digital Signatures • Computing a signature block • What the receiver gets (b)

  12. Lecture 8, November 11 • The security environment • Basics of cryptography • User authentication • Attacks from inside the system • Attacks from outside the system • Protection mechanisms

  13. User Authentication Basic Principles. Authentication must identify: • Something the user knows • Something the user has • Something the user is This is done before user can use the system

  14. Authentication Using Passwords (a) A successful login (b) Login rejected after name entered (c) Login rejected after name and password typed

  15. Authentication Using a Physical Object • Magnetic cards • magnetic stripe cards • chip cards: stored value cards, smart cards

  16. Authentication Using Biometrics A device for measuring finger length.

  17. Countermeasures • Limiting times when someone can log in • Automatic callback at number prespecified • Limited number of login tries • A database of all logins • Simple login name/password as a trap • security personnel notified when attacker bites

  18. Lecture 8, November 11 • The security environment • Basics of cryptography • User authentication • Attacks from inside the system • Attacks from outside the system • Protection mechanisms

  19. Trojan Horses • Free program made available to unsuspecting user • Actually contains code to do harm • Place altered version of utility program on victim's computer • Trick user into running that program

  20. Trap Doors (a) Normal code. (b) Code with a trapdoor inserted

  21. Login Spoofing (a) Correct login screen (b) Phony login screen Any program that represents itself as a login program in order to steal a password.

  22. Buffer Overflow (a) Situation when main program is running (b) After program A called (c) Buffer overflow shown in gray

  23. Generic Security Attacks Typical attacks • Request memory, disk space, tapes and just read • Try illegal system calls • Start a login and hit DEL, RUBOUT, or BREAK • Try modifying complex OS structures • Try to do specified DO NOTs • Convince a system programmer to add a trap door • Beg admin's sec’y to help a poor user who forgot password

  24. Famous Security Flaws The TENEX – password problem (a) (b) (c)

  25. Design Principles for Security • System design should be public • Default should be n access • Check for current authority • Give each process least privilege possible • Protection mechanism should be • simple • uniform • in lowest layers of system • Scheme should be psychologically acceptable And … keep it simple

  26. Lecture 8, November 11 • The security environment • Basics of cryptography • User authentication • Attacks from inside the system • Attacks from outside the system • Protection mechanisms

  27. Virus Damage Scenarios • Blackmail • Denial of service as long as virus runs • Permanently damage hardware • Target a competitor's computer • do harm • espionage • Intra-corporate dirty tricks • sabotage another corporate officer's files

  28. How Viruses Work (1) • Virus written in assembly language • Inserted into another program • use tool called a “dropper” • Virus dormant until program executed • then infects other programs • eventually executes its “payload”

  29. How Viruses Work (2) Example: Recursive procedure that finds executable files on a UNIX system Virus could infect them all

  30. How Viruses Work (3) • An executable program • With a virus at the front • With the virus at the end • With a virus spread over free space within program

  31. How Viruses Work (4) • After virus has captured interrupt, trap vectors • After OS has retaken printer interrupt vector • After virus has noticed loss of printer interrupt vector and recaptured it

  32. How Viruses Spread • Virus placed where likely to be copied • When copied • infects programs on hard drive, floppy • may try to spread over LAN • Attach to innocent looking email • when it runs, use mailing list to replicate

  33. Antivirus and Anti-Antivirus Techniques (a) A program (b) Infected program (c) Compressed infected program (d) Encrypted virus (e) Compressed virus with encrypted compression code

  34. Antivirus and Anti-Antivirus Techniques • Integrity checkers • Behavioral checkers • Virus avoidance • good OS • install only shrink-wrapped software • use antivirus software • do not click on attachments to email • frequent backups • Recovery from virus attack • halt computer, reboot from safe disk, run antivirus

  35. The Internet Worm • Consisted of two programs • bootstrap to upload worm • the worm itself • Worm first hid its existence • Next replicated itself on new machines

  36. Mobile Code Interpretation Applets can be interpreted by a Web browser

  37. Mobile Code from Trusted Sources How code signing works

  38. Lecture 8, November 11 • The security environment • Basics of cryptography • User authentication • Attacks from inside the system • Attacks from outside the system • Protection mechanisms

  39. Protection Domains (1) Examples of three protection domains

  40. Protection Domains (2) A protection matrix

  41. Protection Domains (3) A protection matrix with domains as objects

  42. Access Control Lists (1) Use of access control lists of manage file access

  43. Access Control Lists (2) Two access control lists

  44. Capabilities (1) Each process has a capability list

  45. Capabilities (2) • Cryptographically-protected capability • Generic Rights • Copy capability • Copy object • Remove capability • Destroy object

  46. Reading • Chapter 9, all sections

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