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A little History

A little History. Psychology 3717. History is almost the coolest discipline around. Well besides psychology…. 19 th century Wilhelm Wundt Didn’t really study memory But he started experimental psychology Sensation / perception Elemental processes. Ebbinghaus.

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A little History

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  1. A little History Psychology 3717

  2. History is almost the coolest discipline around • Well besides psychology…. • 19th century • Wilhelm Wundt • Didn’t really study memory • But he started experimental psychology • Sensation / perception • Elemental processes

  3. Ebbinghaus • Well, these were all great ideas, but had not been tested. • Cue Hermann Ebbinghaus • Strangely, both the behaviourists and the cognitive types claim him as their own • Nonsense syllables

  4. Ebbinghaus • Studied himself • Found savings • Repetition was key • Classic forgetting curve • Contiguity • Reversal was detrimental, so it was not just contiguity but also contingency

  5. More on ebby • Also found interference • Found the magic 7 • Figured out that chunking would happen • Massed vs. distributed practice • Not bad for a career eh! • But some dispute his importance • They are idiots….

  6. William James • Stream of consciousness • Thought is personal • Thought is changing • Thought is continuous • Thought deals with objects independent of itself • It is interested in some things and not others

  7. Bill was smart • Talked about primary and secondary memory • Talked about memory without awareness • Got lots of stuff wrong but again, not bad eh

  8. Alfred Binet • Developed the first real intelligence test • Was interested in application in a classroom context so he used more naturalistic stimuli • Free recall • Found serial position effect • Looked at errors, early, acoustic, later, semantic

  9. Another smarty pants • Found the importance effect with prose memory • Found that phrases remembered better than single words • First to find the importance of gist • See again, not so bad eh

  10. Early 20th century • The eclipse of cognition (at least in North America) • Introspection if fine done Wundt’s way • Trained observers • Very simple events • People working with Titchener too it too far • You can’t prove or disprove data from my introspections, you are not me

  11. Behaviourism • Watson • Interested only in the observable • Consciousness cannot be observed • Then, neither can memory • S-R • Basically became all of what psychology was for a long time, well into the 1950s

  12. Some resisted • The Gestalt psychologists • Didn’t like the reductionism of the behaviourists • Bartlett was a Brit that fought the good fight • Talked about construction

  13. Cognitive Revolution • Psychology started started to outgrow behaviourism • Personality (style) • Motivation (dissonance) • Linguistics • Information theory

  14. The revolutionaries become the establishment • Atkinson Shiffrin model • Brenda Milner and HM • So there was a model and there was physiological evidence too, pretty much all sewn up

  15. Today • By the 1970s memory was studied all over the world • Tulving • Craik • Lockhart • Slamecka • MacLeod • Moscovitz • Schacter • Jacoby • Roediger • Squire • Loftus

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