LITERATURE REVIEWS: Existing Knowledge from Data Bases

1. LITERATURE REVIEWS:Existing Knowledge from Data Bases Dr. AARNE MÄMMELÄ Research Professor (VTT), Docent (HUT) Oulu, Finland 13.11.2001 VTT ELECTRONICS Kaitoväylä 1, P.O. Box 1100, FIN-90571 Oulu, Finland Email: aarne.mammela@vtt.fi, http://www. vtt.fi/ele Tel. 5512111, 5512482 (direct), 040-5762963 (GSM), Fax 5512320

2. CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 Publication categories and publishers 3 Finding existing knowledge: work like a detective 4 Read papers with a pen 5 Conclusions References Appendices

3. 1 Introduction • methods of finding existing knowledge are summarized • motivation for literature searches: • full grasp of subject (big picture) • show originality • list of references (bibliography)

4. Phases of research

5. Definitions • Problem: Any question or matter involving doubt, uncertainty, or difficulty, to be answered or solved, especially by reasoning or calculating. • Hypothesis: A guess for a suitable and novel solution to the problem, a provisional theory set forth to explain some class of phenomena, either accepted as a guide to future investigation or assumed for the sake of argument and testing. A hypothesis is formed by using some reasoning (induction, deduction, abduction) and earlier experience.

6. Definitions • Knowledge: An organized body of information shared by people in a particular field, summarized in the literature. • Research: Careful study or investigation in order to discover new knowledge. • Development: Systematic use of existing knowledge. • Science: Systematic and uniform entity of universally applicable and certain knowledge, and a methodical course of action to achieve it. • Contribution: A course of action that helps to solve an engineering problem.

7. Definitions • Induction: A form of logical reasoning that obtains or discovers general laws from particular facts or examples. • Deduction: A process of reasoning from general principles to a particular case. • Abduction (“kidnapping”): Some kind of intuition or insight by which a hypothesis is found to explain especially a surprising situation. The change compared to the earlier knowledge is stepwise and somewhat unpredictable (“chaotic”), referring to immediate apprehension. To make abduction easier, we can use analogies.

8. Definitions • Experiment: A scientific test done carefully to study what happens and to gain new knowledge. • Discuss: To consider or examine by argument, comment, etc. • Prototype: The first model or design of something from which other forms are copied or developed. • Scientific paper: A paper printed and made available to the public, especially to other scientists. An original paper is made to test, through a blind peer review process, on whether the conclusions drawn by the author were novel, significant, correct and clearly expressed. The “judge” is the editor who is using three experts in the field (anonymous to the author), referred to as reviewers or referees, to support the decision.

9. 2 Publication categories and publishers

10. Publication categories (1) Different publications • national and international publications separately 1. Scientific books • four common groups • monographs (a detailed written study of a single subject, often equivalent to a long review paper) • reference books (compilation of data, much broader subject than in a monograph, for example handbooks, bibliographies, dictionaries) • textbooks (books used for teaching of students) • trade books (books about science written for general public) • usually commercial publishers

11. Publication categories (2) 2. Journal and magazine papers • three general groups • original journal papers: full papers, letters • review papers • tutorial papers (often magazine papers) • scientific societies (preferred) and commercial publishers • strict writing instructions and peer review process in journal and review papers • full paper is a well-rounded treatment of a problem area • letters are short papers, published fast, include comments on published papers, corrections, open problems, enhancements of a previous paper • magazine papers have less formal writing instructions (magazines also include commercial advertisements)

12. Publication categories (3) 3. Conference & symposium papers • conferences may include for example • oral presentations • poster presentations • tutorial presentations • panel discussions • exhibitions (books, other products) • oral and poster presentations are published in conference proceedings • scientific societies (preferred) and commercial publishers • workshops are more informal

13. Publication categories (4) 4. Reports • a written account of something seen, done or studied. • doctoral theses, other published reports 5. Patents • official document giving the holder the sole right to make, use or sell an invention and preventing others from copying it (usually granted for twenty years) • a form of intellectual property (IP), unlike scientific papers, they limit the use of knowledge, special format and writing style, licences can be sold and royalties paid

14. Publication categories (5) 6. Standards • officially approved document for defining rules, instructions or definitions for properties of industrial products, manufacturing and testing methods, scientific quantities and units, terminology, etc. • usually the customer must pay for standards to the standardization organizations (often available on CD-ROM’s)

15. Publishers (1)

16. Publishers (2) 1. Scientific societies • publish best journal and conference papers and some good textbooks • examples: ACM, IEEE, APS, SPIE, see also Appendix I • for a more complete list, see http://www.scholarly-societies.org/

17. Publishers (2) 2. Commercial publishers • publish good scientific books • examples: IEEE Press, McGraw-Hill, Prentice-Hall, John Wiley & Sons, see also Appendix II • for a more complete list, see for example http://www.kirjasto.oulu.fi/yhteyksia/kustantajia.html,http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/publishers.html

18. 3 Finding existing knowledge: work like a detective

19. Data bases (1) • data bases are at http://www.kirjasto.oulu.fi/ • at VTT they are on the Blue Pages (Siniset Sivut) in Elementti, see the Electronic Library of VTT (Elektroninen kirjasto) • INSPEC, Information Services in Physics, Electrotechnology, Computers and Control (published by IEE, http://www.iee.org.uk) • Computer and Control Abstracts (CCA), Electrical and Electronics Abstracts (EEA) and Physics Abstracts (PA) • COMPENDEX, Computerized Engineering Index (published by EI, Engineering Information, http://www.ei.org) • SCI, Science Citation Index (published by ISI, Institute for Scientific Information, http://www.isinet.com)

20. Data bases (2)

21. Data bases (3) 1. Digital libraries (whole papers included) • IEEE Xplore, inc. IEEE/IEE Electronic Library (IEL) 1988- (at VTT available from January 2002) • ACM Digital Library (at VTT available at http://portal.acm.org/portal.cfm) • NEC Research Index (http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/cs) • special on-line digital libraries for society members • IEEE Computer Society Digital Library (http://www.computer.org/publications/dlib) • IEEE Transactions on Information Theory Digital Library (http://galaxy.ucsd.edu/welcome.htm)

25. Data bases (4) 2. Abstracts data bases • include lists of authors, titles, abstracts and some additional data (keywords) • INSPEC 1969- (paper version 1898-, in three parts: EEA, CCA, PA), 330 000 new abstracts/year • COMPENDEX 1970- (Engineering Index 1884-) • IEEE Bibliographies On-Line 1994- (Index to IEEE Publications 1952-) • MathSciNet 1940- (includes reviews of original papers) • NTIS, 1964- (includes reports)

26. Data bases (5) 3. Bibliographies • list of works compiled upon some common principle, as authorship, subject, or publisher • usually in textbooks, review/tutorial papers and IEEE Press books • IEEE Cumulative Index, for example IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1981 (1953-1980) • use keywords “bibliographies” and “special issues” (for cumulative indices) in abstracts journals

27. Data bases (6) 4. Citation data bases • in addition to abstracts they include citations (lists of references) • Science Citation Index (SCI) 1974- (paper version 1961-) • NEC Research Index (see above)

28. How to find publications • you must think differently from the way others think • you may lose your creativity if you use only past knowledge • expose yourself to the literature, do not reinvent the wheel • after you solve your problem, read the literature very thoroughly to place your solution into a scholarly context • learn the definitions and terminology • start from textbooks and review papers to learn the state of the art and to find the key original papers • select carefully what you read • read only high-quality papers (journal papers and newest conference papers) • include a literature search in the project plan • lists of references create links between papers • use SCI if you know an old landmark paper and you want to know how the work has been progressed

29. Hints when looking for information • Internet browser is used as an access method (Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator) • some data bases only on CD-ROM’s (SCI in the main library, not ordered since 2001) • use keywords and combine them with logical AND, OR • use always author’s name if you know it • use search robots like Altavista or Google for searching new information in the Internet • for www directory collections, see • http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/tilke • http://www.vtt.fi/inf/inflinks/index.htm

30. Most important hints • try to find the historical evolution by using reviews and bibliographical notes (also in the introduction of original papers) • history will improve your understanding of the state-of-the-art • historical evolution is somewhat scattered (gaps between papers, independent discoveries, etc.) • it is better to organize your material according to the relationships of the topics (for example in a hierarchical structure, special cases, etc.) • include historical notes as additional information

31. Additional hints • amount of literature is vast, it is impossible to read everything • search according to the location (good scientific societies, journals, new conferences) • search according to the author (know the best research groups) • organize your own data bases according to the topic (and research group) • files can be organized according to the first author • Internet may be useful, but not in general a reliable source (no review process!)

32. Additional hints • proceed from general to more detailed information (outlining) • textbooks and review papers for settled knowledge (not always complete!) • read original landmark journal papers, also the old ones (last 50 years!) • newest knowledge from conference papers • use secondary sources to find primary sources • bibliographies • abstracts journals (Index to IEEE Publications) • data bases (IEL, INSPEC, SCI)

33. Search according to the type of knowledge 1) Books • data bases of the libraries of universities and research institutes (OULA, HUT, TUT, VTT, foreign libraries) • Internet bookshops like Amazon, Powell’s Books and WHSmith Online, see price comparisons e.g. in ADDAll or Evenbetter • see the www addresses of the most important publishers like IEEE, McGraw-Hill, Prentice-Hall, Wiley • book reviews in many magazines • use key words “books” or “book reviews” in abstracts journals

34. Search according to the type of knowledge Dictionaries on-line • general dictionaries, see http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/tilke,http://www.vtt.fi/inf/inflinks/index.htm • TEPA term bank, Tekniikan sanastokeskus, http://www.tsk.fi, also links to other term banks • mathematical dictionary, http://www.csc.fi/cgi-bin/math-words • glossary of I.T. terms, http://www.ttlry.fi • acronym finder, see http://www.AcronymFinder.com/

35. Search according to the type of knowledge Mathematical reference books on-line • NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, http://www.dlmf.nist.gov • NIST Engineering Statistics Handbook, http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook • Wolfram Research’s Mathematical Functions, http://functions.wolfram.com • Numerical Recipes Books On-Line, http://www.nr.com/

36. Search according to the type of knowledge 2) Review and tutorial papers • Proceedings of the IEEE (best reviews) • IEEE Magazines (varying quality) • special issues in other journals • Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal (IEE) • use keywords “reviews”, “history” and “special issues” in abstracts journals

37. Search according to the type of knowledge 3) Original landmark papers • old landmark papers collected inIEEE Press books and bibliographies (see textbooks, review/tutorial papers) • data bases like IEL, INSPEC, COMPENDEX or SCI • for very old papers try abstracts journals (INSPEC, EI, since late 1800’s), MathSciNet (since 1940), IEEE cumulative indices (since early 1950’s) • author and subject indices in the last issue of the year • newest conference proceedings (long publication delays in journals)

38. Search according to the type of knowledge 4) Reports • NTIS, National Technical Information Service (1964-), paper version GRA, Government Reports Announcements & Index, US government reports • Dissertation Abstracts Online (paper version DAI), doctoral theses • technology reports (development of technology, state of the art, predictions) sold by commerical organizations like BDTI (http://www.bdti.com), IC Insights (http://www.icinsights.com), ICE (http://www.ice-corp.com), SIA (http://www.semichips.org) • data books of components

39. Search according to the type of knowledge 5) Patents • start from National Board of Patents and Registration of Finland, http://www.prh.fi • Esp@cnet, whole text of patents since 1970 (in some cases since 1920) • patent offices like European Patent Office (EPO), United States Patent and Trademark Office and Japanese Patent Office • US patents http://www.uspto.gov (since 1790) • World Patents Index (WPI)

40. Search according to the type of knowledge 6) Standards • sold by standardization organizations, for example ANSI, CENELEC, IEC, IEEE, ISO, ITU, ETSI, MMAC, SFS 7) News • magazines, newspapers • electronic newspapers, for example EDTN Network (http://www.edtn.com), Total Telecom (http://www.totaltele.com) • product (for example component) data from the www pages of product manufactures • news from IEEE, http://whatsnew.ieee.org

41. 4 Read papers with a pen • read with a pen • read the title, abstract, introduction, conclusions and references • read the rest of the paper if it is very close to your interests • underline the most important information, or make notes in a notebook • read the best papers many times and try to understand every sentence • write a concise well-organized report on what you have learnt • compare information in different papers with your previous knowledge • remember criticalness: papers include mistakes, discuss with your colleagues

42. Detailed steps in reading Depending on your interest, do the next steps in this order: 1. Read first only title, list of authors and abstract 2. Read next introduction, conclusions and references • historical context 3. Study organization of the paper • organization explained in the end of introduction • read titles, definitions of general new terms, see figures • read assumptions (system model) and results, numerical examples, conclusions in the text 4. Study details • detailed terminology, definitions, proofs • implement your own models • improve results, write an own paper

43. 5 Conclusions

44. 5 Conclusions (2)

45. References • H. B. Michaelson, How to write and publish engineering papers and reports. 3rd ed. Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ, 1990. • D. Sternberg, How to complete and survive a doctoral thesis. St. Martin’s Press, 1981.

46. Appendix I: List of Scientific Publishers (1) • AAAI, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, http://www.aaai.org • ACM, Association for Computing Machinery, http://www.acm.org • AEI, Associazione Elettrotecnica ed Elettronica Italiana, http://www.aei.it • AIP, American Institute of Physics, http://www.aip.org • APS, American Physical Society, http://www.aps.org • ASA, Acoustical Society of America, http://www.asa.aip.org • ECS, Electrochemical Society, http://www.electrochem.org

47. Appendix I: List of Scientific Publishers (2) • IEE, Institution of Electrical Engineers, http://www.iee.org.uk • IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, http://www.ieee.org • IEICE, Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, http://www.ieice.or.jp • IOP, Institute of Physics, http://www.iop.org • MRS, Materials Research Society, http://www.mrs.org • OSA, Optical Society of America, http://www.osa.org • SAS, Society of Applied Spectroscopy, http://www.s-a-s.org

48. Appendix I: List of Scientific Publishers (3) • SIAM, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, http://www.siam.org • SPIE, International Society for Optical Engineering, http://www.spie.org

49. Appendix II: List of Commercial Publishers (1) • Academic Press, http://www.europe.apnet.com • Addison-Wesley, http://www.aw.com • Artech House, http://www. • Baltzer Science Publishers, http://www.balzer.nl • Elsevier Science, http://www.elsevier.nl • IEEE Press, http://www.ieee.org • Kluwer Academic Publishers, http://www.wkap.nl • McGraw-Hill, http://www.mcgraw-hill.com • Macmillan, http://www.macmillan.com • Plenum Publishing Corp., http://www.plenum.com

50. Appendix II: List of Commercial Publishers (2) • Prentice-Hall, http://vig.prenhall.com • Springer-Verlag, http://www.springer.de • John Wiley & Sons, http://www.wiley.com