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The league so far…

The league so far…. Had been set up due to the Treaty of Versailles Was meant to keep world peace, help out countries by solving disputes peaceably and helping them economically too, and ensure the terms of the treaty were kept to. Had mixed success in the 1920s:

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The league so far…

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  1. The league so far… • Had been set up due to the Treaty of Versailles • Was meant to keep world peace, help out countries by solving disputes peaceably and helping them economically too, and ensure the terms of the treaty were kept to. • Had mixed success in the 1920s: • Successes included the aaland islands (1921), upper silesia (1921), the economical crisis of austria & hungary (1923) and the greek-bulgarian incident (1925), plus humanitarian aid work • Failures included Vilna (1920) and corfu (1923), plus the signing of various treaties without its consent.

  2. Manchuria

  3. Manchuria

  4. What countries were involved in the dispute? The countries that were involved in the Manchuria Dispute were Japan and China.

  5. Manchuria •   The Nationalist government of China led by Chiang Kai-shek was weak, corrupt and busy fighting the Communists. •   Because of the Great Depression, Japan wanted to build an empire to secure supplies of raw materials. •   The Japanese government was controlled by the army •   China ruled Manchuria, but the Japanese army ran the railway there, and ruled in Korea.

  6. What was the relationship between China and Japan? • Before the incident in Manchuria, Japan and China were fine with each other, as they traded to each other and relied on each other a lot. • China was growing stronger, and Japan feared that because of this they would be excluded from Manchuria

  7. As you can see in the source, China thought that there was no market in Japan for their goods, but Japan disagreed because they needed the trade as they were devastated by the depression. Both the USA and China put up tariffs, which are trade barriers, against Japanese goods. As their trade situation worsened, they had trouble feeding their people, which didn’t help relationships between countries.

  8. Why did Japan think they had rights to Manchuria? • Japan thought that they had a right to Manchuria because they had been involved in Manchuria since the 1890’s and had Port Arthur and a position in South Manchuria. • Also, Japan had invested millions in Manchuria’s industry and railways, which is why they owned all the South Manchuria Line.

  9. What was the Mukden Incident? • On September 18th near Mukden, in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad was dynamited by theJapanese, who blamed the Chinese for the incident. • They invaded Manchuria and set up the 'independent' (i.e. Japanese-controlled) state of Manchukuo under the former Emperor of China, Henry P'ui.   • China appealed to the League of Nations.

  10. Manchuria •   Sept 1931: There was some vandalism on the Manchurian railway; Japan claimed the Chinese had sabotaged the railway.   •   They invaded Manchuria and set up the 'independent' (i.e. Japanese-controlled) state of Manchukuo under the former Emperor of China, Henry P'ui.   •   China appealed to the League.

  11. Manchuria •  Dec 1931: the League appointed a commission led by Lord Lytton to investigate.   •   He did not go to Manchuria until April 1932 and did not report until October. •   Oct 1932: Lytton's report stated that Japan was the aggressor and should leave. •   24 Feb 1933: The Assembly voted that Japan should leave Manchuria • Japan left the League of Nations when the report was voted in42 votes to 1.

  12. Why were the actions of the League seen as a failure? The actions of the League were seen as a failure because: • The League's delays and slowness made it look scared. • Sanctions were shown to be useless. • Three major powers - Japan, Britain and France - all betrayed the League in some way. • Britain and France decided that the League was useless to stop war, and followed instead the policy of appeasement. • Smaller nations realised that the League could not and would not protect them if a strong nation was prepared to ignore the League, the League could do nothing about it.

  13. Manchuria •   Japan stayed in Manchuria.   •   The League could not agree economic sanctions or an arms sales ban. •   In 1933 Japan resigned from the League, and invaded/ conquered Jehol (next to Manchuria).

  14. What were the consequences for the victims? • China tried to defend themselves from Japan but were unable to do so as the Japanese had such power that the League couldn’t do anything and Japan invaded Manchuria, Jehol and Shanghai.

  15. What were the consequences for the victors? • Japan had lost valuable trading partners such as America, and they lost a relationship and trust with the League and China. • Also, they lost the support of the League, although this wasn’t as much of a problem because it was weak due to the problem of the economy.

  16. What were the consequences for the League? • Both Hitler and Mussolini looked on with interest and within three years they would both follow Japan’s example. • The League was unable to do anything which caused members to leave due to the economy and only weaker countries were left and they were doomed for failure and unable to stop WWII.

  17. Manchuria, 1931-3 Recap • Manchuria seen as part of China, but Japan owned the South Manchurian railway.Manchuria was an area rich in resources and coveted by both nations. • In 1931 officers of the Kwantung Army of Japan staged an explosion on the railway line, near Mukden. This became known as the Mukden incident. • Japan blamed China, and invaded • The league issued an investigation, and in 1932 the Lytton Commission condemned Japan • However some members of the league sympathised with Japan’s efforts to restore order on the region • After the league decided Japan was wrong, Japan left the league • Due to the distance, it was very difficult to impose any kind of sanctions • Japan went on to take over other areas of China

  18. Manchuria, 1931-3 Recap A SPECTACULAR failure: 1. The Japanese continued to expand: •     they kept Manchuria • they invaded Jehol in 1933 and China in 1937.

  19. Manchuria, 1931-3 Recap A SPECTACULAR failure: 2.  The League was discredited/ Manchuria showed: •     It was slow (the Lytton Report took almost a year) •     A country could get its own way if it ignored it •     ‘Collective security' was useless against big countries - especially during the Great Depression. •     Even the great powers within the League (Japan was on the Council) were happy to ignore it.

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