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NATIONALISM

NATIONALISM. The end of the Metternich system… …and Revolutions based on the Forces of Democracy and Nationalism. NATIONALISM. Nation/Nationality: People united by a belief that they share Social and Cultural bonds- Language, History,, Traditions, Religion, Ideals, and Goals….

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NATIONALISM

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  1. NATIONALISM The end of the Metternich system… …and Revolutions based on the Forces of Democracy and Nationalism

  2. NATIONALISM • Nation/Nationality: People united by a belief that they share Social and Cultural bonds- Language, History,, Traditions, Religion, Ideals, and Goals…

  3. NATIONALISM- the feeling of Patriotism and supreme loyalty that a nationality has toward its own Country… • -provides the driving force to create an Independent Nation…

  4. Nationalism… • Nationalism can be a force for GOOD or EVIL… • Extreme Nationalism has led people to support leaders that were (or became) forces, or agents of ‘evil’...

  5. Ex: Mussolini & the Fascists/ Hitler & the Nazis… • So…Can lead to DEMOCRACY…or to DICTATORSHIP • Has led to Imperialism, Militarism, and War…

  6. Revolts against the Metternich System(1815-1848) • Remember: the ‘Genie’ (of liberty/freedom) was out of the bottle! People weren’t going to forget about what had just occurred during the French Revolution/Napoleonic Era!

  7. People are about to resort to REVOLUTION to attain their GOALS of Democracy & Nationalism… • The FIRST successful Revolutions will be in Latin America…

  8. Latin American Revolutions • Haiti (1802-1804)- Led by a former slave: • Francois Toussaint L’overture • Then from 1810-1820, MEXICO revolted from Spain, led by Father Miguel Hidalgo

  9. Then in the 1820’s and 1830’s, South American Nations declared Independence from Spain… • Led by two Generals/Heroes: Simon Bolívar, and Jose de San Martín

  10. Nationalism… • The US and British reaction to these Independence movements and Revolutions was that of SUPPORT… • The U.S. then issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 to declare/show support…(more later in US History)

  11. Nationalism/Revolutions: (Back in Europe…) Democratic/Nationalistic Revolutions were occurring all over Europe during the 1830’s…up to 1848… The Revolutions of 1848 were the BIG ONES! (Les Miserables)

  12. Started in Paris, then spread throughout France… • The lid had exploded off the pressure cooker, and the genie was once again, “out of the bottle”… • The Metternich system could NOT keep up/handle all of these revolutions…It had failed…It was over. Done. Kaput.

  13. Significance/Outcomes of these revolutions… The Metternich system was breeched…and then collapsed under the pressure of the revolutions and all of the nationalistic/democratic /reform movements throughout Europe…

  14. In ENGLAND… • -Many reforms were occurring, such as the Reform Act of 1832 (England), which gave universal suffrage (voting rights) to ALL MALES. • This greatly increased the political power of the middle/working class…

  15. Nationalism in FranceSome highlights?... The Second French Republic (1848-1852) (lasted four years) Louis Napoleon (Bonaparte’s nephew) then declares himself Emperor Napoleon III, which begins the… Second French Empire (1852-1870)

  16. Napoleon III ruled as an emperor (dictator), but did accomplish a few good things for France: • He doubled French Industry, and tripled foreign trade during the 1850’s…Many railroads/roads were built (modern infrastructure)

  17. He also improved/beautified Paris • However, all would be brought down with his disastrous defeat to Prussia during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71!

  18. NATIONALISM/Pt II The Crimean War Disruption of Multi-National Empires

  19. The Crimean War (1853-’56)-see the overheads for background info… Great Britain/France/Turkey vs. Russia for control over the narrow waterways (the straits) that connect the Black and Mediterranean seas/Crimean peninsula- on the Black Sea (see map) Nationalism and Imperialism also played a role. Notable facts/’firsts’ of the Crimean War:

  20. The first major war/conflict in Europe since Waterloo (1815) • The first Modern/Industrial war in history… • First use of Steamships • New Improved Rifles+Minie Bullets

  21. Coordinated and synchronized attacks using watches • First to be influenced by the press (combat photojournalists) • Also: Florence Nightingale’s work: Improved battlefield medicine and better/cleaner Hospitals…

  22. Disruption of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire… Dominant nationality was the Ottoman Turks… Many subject nationalities, who were treated horribly, cruelly- and many were discriminated against by an autocratic, corrupt government…

  23. They detested their Turkish rulers, and sought independence and freedom (Nationalism) • From 1815-1914 the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) was known as the “Sick Man of Europe”… • By 1914 (outbreak of WW I, the Ottoman Empire had lost all of its’ territory in the Balkans…

  24. Disruption of Multi-National Empires Austrian Empire- (Hapsburg Dynasty) In 1815- was an Empire of many nationalities… The German-speaking Austrians were dominant

  25. Up through 1848, the Metternich system had suppressed many nationalistic revolts/movements within the Austrian Empire… • Then, In 1866, the Austrian Empire was crushed by Prussia (Austro-Prussian War…more later…) • Austria would become the “Dual-Monarchy”(Austria-Hungary) or the Austro-Hungarian Empirein 1867, and will last until WWI (1914-1918)…

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