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The Brain

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Li5nMsXg1Lk. The Brain. Review Questions. 1) Which brain imaging technique injects a substance in order to view active areas of the brain because of glucose or oxygen consumption? PET Scan

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The Brain

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  1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Li5nMsXg1Lk The Brain

  2. Review Questions 1) Which brain imaging technique injects a substance in order to view active areas of the brain because of glucose or oxygen consumption? PET Scan 2) Which brain imaging technique graphs brain waves and is mostly used for sleep research? EEG 3) Which brain imaging technique combines cross-sectional x-rays to view the structure of the brain? CT Scan

  3. 4) Too little of this neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson’s? Dopamine 5) Too little of this NT is associated with anxiety disorders? GABA 6) Too little of this NT is associated with Alzheimer’s ACh (acetylcholine) 7) Too little of this NT is associated with depression? Serotonin (or norephinephrine) 8) Too much of this NT is associated with schizophrenia? Dopamine

  4. Today’s Goal  You will be able to… • Describe the functions of the brain structures.

  5. Hindbrain • Medulla: unconscious vital functions like breathing, circulation, etc. • Pons: sleep & dreaming, assists in movement • Reticular Formation: wakefulness & sleep, alertness, filters stimuli

  6. Cerebellum: balance, motor coordination Hindbrain

  7. Midbrain Integrates types of sensory info and muscle movements

  8. Limbic System • Thalamus: Relays sensory info from the body to parts of the brain • Amygdala: Emotional responses, particularly aggression; attention to novel stimuli

  9. Limbic System • Hypothalamus: Maintains homeostasis: regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, blood pressure, hormones, etc. Hippocampus: Formation of memories • Pituitary Gland: “Master gland” – secretes hormones

  10. Which part of the brain?  Pons  Thalamus • REM sleep & dreaming, assists in movement • Relay station for sensory info • “On switch” for the brain, alertness & wakefulness, attention • Body temperature, hunger, thirst, glands • Balance and motor coordination • Emotions (aggression), novel stimuli • “Master gland” • Unconscious essential functions such as respiration and heart rate • Formation of new memories  R.A.S. Hypothal.  Cerebellum  Amygdala  Pituitary gland  Medulla  Hippocampus

  11. Cerebrum • Cerebrum: Surface of brain, two hemispheres, thinking & language

  12. Hemispheres of Cerebrum • Left Hemisphere: Logic, language, math, details • Right Hemisphere: Visual-spatial tasks, creativity (art & music)

  13. Corpus Callosum: Thick bundle of fibers which connects the two hemispheres

  14. Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral Cortex: Wrinkled, convoluted surface – divided into four lobes

  15. Frontal Lobe Speaking, voluntary movement, judgment, planning, personality

  16. Parietal Lobe • Receives incoming touch, pressure, and pain sensations from the body

  17. Occipital Lobe Located at the rear of the brain Involved in the reception and interpretation of visual information

  18. Temporal Lobe Located on the side, slightly above ears Involved in reception and interpretation of auditory stimuli

  19. Motor Cortex: Rear of frontal lobes, voluntary movements http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/brain/probe-nojs.html

  20. Somatosensory Cortex: Front of parietal lobes, process body touch & movement sensations

  21. Language & the Brain • Broca’s Area: Physical production of speech • Broca’s Aphasia: Inability to physically speak words

  22. Language & the Brain • Wernicke’s Area: Comprehension of language • Wernicke’s Aphasia: Inability to understand language/words “Word salad”

  23. http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.html

  24. Review Questions • Name the fatty substance around the axon which speeds up the neural impulse. Myelin • Which neurotransmitter is responsible for memory and movement, in which a deficiency is associated w/Alzheimer’s? Acetylcholine (ACh) • The fluid-filled gap between neurons is the….? Synapse • When a neuron is at -70 millivolts, it is at its…. Resting potential

  25. Which neurotransmitter reduces anxiety? GABA • Which nervous system is responsible for our “fight-or-flight” response to stress, in which our heart rate & respiration increase? Sympathetic NS • Which brain imaging technique combines cross-sectional x-rays to view the structure of the brain? CAT Scan • Which neurotransmitter deals with movement and the experience of pleasure or pain? Dopamine

  26. Which brain imaging technique involves the person lying in a magnetic field while radio waves detect changes in blood flow? MRI • Which part of the brain is responsible for physically producing speech? Broca’s Area • Which brain imaging technique injects a substance in order to view active areas of the brain because of glucose or oxygen consumption? PET Scan • Which neurotransmitter is involved in mood, concentration, appetite, and sleep? Serotonin

  27. Hemispheres of the Brain

  28. Left Hemisphere: Rational, Logical • Language • Math • Responds to verbal instructions • Right side of body

  29. Right Hemisphere: Intuitive, Artistic • Visual imagery • Music • Spatial abilities • Responds to demonstrated instructions • Left side of the body

  30. The Split-Brain Experiments • 1960’s, Roger Sperry • Epilepsy – seizures spread to other hemisphere through corpus callosum • In his operations, the entire corpus callosum was severed – hemispheres completely independent of one another • "The great pleasure and feeling in my right brain is more than my left brain can find the words to tell you.“ ~Roger Sperry

  31. The Split-Brain Experiments • Michael Gazzaniga – more experiments • Patients appeared normal (talk, read, alert, etc.) • BUT…if patient held up something like coffee cup in left hand, couldn’t speak its name • If object in right hand, no trouble at all • Printed word “LOUSE” visible only in left visual field, couldn’t read  put in right side, could read it fine Right vision field is connected to the left hemisphere. Left vision field is connected to the right hemisphere.

  32. Split-Brain Operations • Only sever portion of corpus callosum (splenium remains intact) • Split brain patients learn very quickly how to keep both sides in communication

  33. The Two-Brain Myth • There is no activity to which only one hemisphere makes a contribution. • While they “specialize” in areas, the areas are not completely exclusive to one hemi • Logic not completely confined to left hemisphere • People with damage to right hemi. show more deficits in logic than damage to left hemi. • It is impossible to educate one hemisphere at a time. • There is no evidence that people are purely “left-brained” or “right-brained”

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