Chapter 3 – The Biosphere

1. Chapter 3 – The Biosphere

2. What is Ecology? • Ecology • The study of organisms and their interactions with their environment • The root word of ecology means “houses” in Greek….so we’re studying the “houses” or habitat organisms live, and studying the organisms themselves.

3. What makes the Earth so special?

4. Its biosphere! Biosphere –  Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water and the atmosphere  No biosphere = no people!

5. Biosphere – • “life”“sphere” • Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water and the atmosphere

6. The Biosphere is made up of… Biomes which are made up of Ecosystems which contain… Communities made up of… Populations made up of… Organisms or a Species

7. Biome – • Group of ecosystems that share similar climate and typical organisms • OR geographic region of earth usually defined by weather and the species found there. • Biome Examples: • Grasslands – Temperate and Tropical (savannah) • Deserts • Forest – Deciduous, Rain • Others…

8. Ecosystem Terms • Ecosystem – • All the living organisms in an area and the physical environment in which they life. • OR living group of organisms that interact with each other and the nonliving environment • Community - • The different populations that live in an area

9. Ecosystem Terms Population – a group of individuals of the same species in an area PA Examples: White tail deer Black oak trees Black bears

10. 9/12 and 9/13 ATB • What are 3 characteristics that a species shares? • Today: • Printing assignment due • Discuss hybrid organisms • Compare / contrast abiotic and biotic factors and their importance to life

11. Ecosystem Terms • Species – • a group of organisms that are capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring • Similar appearance and similar genetic makeup, • Examples: •  dogs •  cats •  humans

12. Ecosystem Terms • Hybrid – • an offspring of two different species (or objects) • These are sterile • Examples: • Mule – horse and donkey • Liger – lion (male) and tiger (female) • Fuel efficient vehicles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CD6vpheUoPE

13. Are "Humanzees" Possible? • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-mizejewski/are-humanzees-possible_b_877792.html

17. Last Class Tiglons / Tigons – female lion and male tiger Ligers – male lion and female tiger - have been found to be fertile in some cases http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0829/bz9-4.html

18. Ecosystem Terms • Habitat – • a place where a particular species lives – can be very big or small • Examples: • Atlantic Ocean • Mud puddle • Forest • YourSkin

19. Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Biotic Factors – • living parts of the ecosystem (grass, animals, etc) • Abiotic Factors – • nonliving (never were alive) parts of the ecosystem

20. List 5 abiotic factors on land • Surface/ground water • Sunlight • Wind • Temperature • Altitude • List 5 abiotic factors in water • Currents • Temperature • Concentration of nutrients in the water • Air (CO2, O2, N2) • Soil • Precipitation • Lighting • Salinity • Sunlight penetration

22. Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Both of biotic and abiotic factors make up the environment in which organisms live • Soil – made up of nonliving particles, but also many bacteria and fungi

23. Writing practice (3 minutes) • In a margin of your packet: • Choose anything biotic and describe how ANY abiotic factor could affect it. • THINK…it doesn’t matter what it is • Yes you can be creative, and no, this isn’t graded.

24. Create a sentence that explains how an abiotic factor could affect a biotic factor in an environment

25. Reviewing Terms Biosphere Ecosystem Population Species Hybrid Habitat

26. Quick Talk Habitat Ecosystem Species Population Hybrid Biosphere

27. Review • What is main the difference between a species and a hybrid? • Describe TWO ways in which abiotic factors could effect an organism in an environment

28. Primary Producers • Autotrophs • Organisms that use solar or chemical energy to produce food • What is the food that autotrophs produce? • Sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) • Examples: • Algae, certain types of bacteria, plants

29. Primary Producers • Primary Producers – • organisms that use elements from the environment to make their own food • aka autotrophs • What elements do most producers use/need? • Sun, Water, CO2, Soil for nutrients and minerals • Examples = • Plants and chemosynthetic bacteria

30. Primary Producers • Photosynthesis • Process of capturing light energy to make chemical energy (food – glucose)

31. Primary Producers • Chemosynthesis • Organisms that use chemicals (hydrogen sulfide) to produce carbohydrates • Examples – chemosynthetic bacteria

32. Chemosynthesis • Hydrothermal Vents – 1 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69hGvCsWgA • David Attenborough on Hydrothermal Vents • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXGF3XS-yAI • Hydrothermal Vents (nat geo) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XotF9fzo4Vo • .

33. Consumers • Heterotroph – • Organisms that must acquire energy from other organisms • Consumer – • an organism that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients • Examples = us, animals, lions, tigers, and bears

34. Ecosystem Terms • Primary Consumer – • consumers that feed on plants • Examples: • Secondary Consumer – • consumers that feed on primary consumers • Examples: • Tertiary Consumer – • eats a 2nd level consumer

35. Consumers • Carnivore – • an organism that only (primarily) eats meat • PA Examples: • Scavenger – • an organism that feeds on dead organisms • Examples:

36. Types of Consumers Herbivore – an organism thatonly (primarily) eats plants PA Examples: Omnivore– an organism thatreadily eats both plants and meat PA Examples:

38. Exceptions? • Photosynthetic sea slug • ElysiaChlorotica: A Sap-Sucking, Solar-Powered Sea Slug • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAMP8erryKE • Sea slug intro • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQNIpW0LlsU • Amazing Photosynthetic Animals • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcX2n1rC4W4 • Venus fly trap - The Private Life of Plants - David Attenborough - BBC wildlife • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktIGVtKdgwo

39. Consumers • Decomposer – • bacteria or fungus that chemically break down dead organisms • How do decomposers help an ecosystem? • Break down dead organisms and return their nutrients to the soil. • Detrivores • Organisms that feed on decaying particles (leaves, etc) • Examples: Worms, crabs, snails

41. Decomposition Vids • The Body Farm - Study of Human Decomposition • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_SiqND9bNA • Baby Pig • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1CD6gNmhr0 • Elephant • http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/elephant-life-after-death/ • Eating Giants (little gross) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OX9xCo183VA • Hippo • http://animal.discovery.com/video-topics/wild-animals/eating-giants-hippo.htm

42. Soil • Why is soil important? • Provides nutrients for plants to grow • The loss of soil prevents producers from growing and hurts the ecosystem • Soil Erosion – • the movement of soil by wind, water or any other source

43. What do all these have in common? • Consumers • Herbivores • Omnivores • Carnivores • Decomposers • All these are considered -- heterotrophs

44. Book Assignment • Page 72 • #1-2

45. Review Are herbivores always consumers? Are consumers always herbivores? Are carnivores ever primary consumers?

46. Review Which of the following would be TRUE of a zorse? • The zorse will probably have many baby zorses. • The zorse should be identical to the horse in genetic makeup and appearance. • The zorse is most likely infertile.