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PARCO NORD MILANO

PARCO NORD MILANO. A NEW URBAN FOREST: A CASE OF STUDY. Benedetto Selleri Forestal Manager Freelancer benedetto.selleri@panassociati.it. FORET, VILLE ET BIODIVERSITE’ LILLE – vendredì 16 mars 2012.

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PARCO NORD MILANO

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  1. PARCO NORD MILANO A NEW URBAN FOREST: A CASE OF STUDY Benedetto Selleri Forestal Manager Freelancer benedetto.selleri@panassociati.it FORET, VILLE ET BIODIVERSITE’ LILLE – vendredì 16 mars 2012 Benedetto Selleri - Riccardo Gini - Fabio Campana - Riccardo Tucci - Roberto Zanata - Marco Segabrugo - Giovanni Sanesi

  2. GEOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK PARCO NORD IS LOCATED IN THE NORTHERN PART OF MILANO, THE LARGEST METROPOLITAN AREA IN ITALY BY POPULATION AND GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA. THE PARK BOUNDARIES COVER 630 HA WITH 350 HA OF GREEN AREAS OF DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES. FORESTRY PLANTATIONS SPREAD OVER 90 HA ITALY AND ITS REGIONS LOMBARDIA AND ITS PROVINCES PROVINCE OF MILANO AND ITS MUNICIPALITIES

  3. GREEN AREAS AROUND MILANO PARCO NORD IS ENCLOSED IN A STRONGLY URBANIZED AREA - LIGHT GREEN : REGIONAL PARKS - YELLOW : AWIDE AGRICULTURAL PARK - GREY : THE URBANIZED AREAS MILANO

  4. PICTURE TAKEN IN 1920 THE PARK WAS AN AGRICULTURAL FIELD

  5. PICTURE TAKEN IN THE 60’s IN THE FOREGROUND MILANO ROAD SYSTEM IN THE BACKGROUND THE FIRST LINE OF MOUNTAINS (PRE ALPI)

  6. PICTURE TAKEN IN 1964 THE GROWTH OF THE CITY

  7. PICTURE TAKEN IN 1980 UNDER THE ARROW THE FARM THAT WILL BECOME THE PARK MAIN OFFICE

  8. THE PARK IN LATE 80’s THE BEGINNING THE BEGINNING THE STARTING OF THE PARK WITH THE FIRST PLANTATIONS AND TREE ROWS THE STARTING OF THE PARK WITH THE FIRST PLANTATIONS AND TREE ROWS THE STARTING OF THE PARK WITH THE FIRST PLANTATIONS AND TREE ROWS THE STARTING OF THE PARK WITH THE FIRST PLANTATIONS AND TREE ROWS THE STARTING OF THE PARK WITH THE FIRST PLANTATIONS AND TREE ROWS

  9. THE BEGINNING THE STARTING OF THE PARK WITH THE FIRST PLANTATIONS AND TREE ROWS 1983 2000

  10. THE PARK IN 1998 THE GROWING FOREST

  11. THE PARK IN 2001

  12. THE PARK IN 2002 UNDER THE ARROW A FLYING BRIDGE FOR PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLES

  13. THE PARK IN 2005 IN THE CENTER OF THE IMAGE A BASEBALL FIELD; AT THE TOP ON THE LEFT THE AIRPORT SITUATED INSIDE THE PARK

  14. PARCO NORD PROJECT IN THE EARLY EIGHTIES A MAJOR PROJECT CALLED PARCO NORD MILANO WAS UNDERTAKEN BY LOMBARDIA REGION IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH A URBAN FOREST IN A POST-INDUSTRIAL AREA. 1965 1983

  15. PARCO NORD PROJECT THE MAIN GOALS WERE: - TO “BUILD” NATURE AND BIODIVERSITY

  16. PARCO NORD PROJECT THE MAIN GOALS WERE: - TO PROVIDE CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL SERVICE

  17. THE PARK MANAGEMENT THE PARK IS MANAGED BY A LOCAL AUTHORITY NAMED “PARCO NORD MILANO”. IN THIS LOCAL AUTHORITY ARE REPRESENTED THE TOWNS, THE PROVINCE AND REGION IN WHICH THE PARK IS LOCATEDPARK

  18. THE PARK NUMBERS TOTAL AREA_____________629 HA PRACTICABLE AREA______354 HA OF WHICH: 90 HA OF FORESTS 212 HA OF LAWNS 60 KM OF PATHS AND CYCLE LANES AGRICULTURAL AREA______35 HA SPORT FACILITIES_________21 HA AIRPORT__________________76 HA PRIVATE BUILT AREAS AND PUBLIC FACILITIES_________97 HA OTHER (PARKING, STREETS…) _46 HA

  19. COMING INTO BEING OF A URBAN FOREST

  20. COMING INTO BEING OF A URBAN FOREST

  21. COMING INTO BEING OF A URBAN FOREST

  22. COMING INTO BEING OF A URBAN FOREST

  23. COMING INTO BEING OF A URBAN FOREST

  24. FOREST FEATURES PLANTATION IN PARALLEL CURVED ROWS 2,6 METERS BETWEEN EACH ROW DISTANCE BETWEEN PLANTS: 1,5 METERS BETWEEN TREES 1 METER BETWEEN SHRUBS NATIVE MESOPHILIC SPECIESLOCAL AND CERTIFIED PLACE OF ORIGIN PERIMETRIC BELT OF 7/10 METERS WITH ELOFIC SHRUBS PLANTATION GROUPS OF 5/8 PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIE IN DIFFERENT ROWS PLANTATION DENSITY 2900-3200 PLANTS/HA TO ACHIEVE A DENSITY OF 400/500 PLANTS WHEN THEY ARE MATURE

  25. WOOD FEATURES TREES 60% SHRUBS 40% DOMINANT TREES (60%) Quercus robur Quercus cerris Carpinus betulus Prunus avium Acer campestre Fraxinus excelsior INCIDENTAL TREES (40%) Tilia cordata Fraxinus oxycarpa Acer platanoides Quercus petraea Fraxinus ornus Populus alba Sorbus torminalis Malus sylvestris Prunus padus Pyrus pyraster DOMINANT SHRUBS (60%) Corylus avellana Evonymus europaeus Cornus mas Ligustrum vulgare INCIDENTAL SHRUBS (40%) Taxus baccata Ilex aquifolium Frangula alnus Salix caprea BELT OF HELIOPHILUS SHRUBS Crataegus monogyna Prunus spinosa Cornus sanguinea Lonicera xylosteum Viburnum opulus Viburnum lantana Rhamnus cathartica Rosa canina, Cotinus coggygria Berberis vulgaris WOOD GRASS BELT OF SHRUBS

  26. COSTS PLANTING COST 35000 € MAINTENANCE COST 25000/45000 € MAXIMUM COST /HA : 80.000 € MINIMUM COST /HA : 60.000 €

  27. MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS WE STARTED THINNING IN THE YEAR 2000 THE CHOSEN SILVICULTURAL TECHNIQUE IS SELECTION CUTTING. WITH THIS TECHNIQUE THE MOST VALUABLE TREES FOR VEGETATION AND LANDSCAPE ARE HELPED, SINCE THE COMPETITORS ARE CUT. PHYTOSANITARY CUTS OCCURRED ALSO. IN THE TOP PICTURE THE WOOD BEFORE THE THINNING, IN WHICH REGULAR ROWS ARE VISIBLE IN THE BOTTOM PICTURE THE WOOD AFTER THE THINNING

  28. CURRENT STATUS WHEN WE STARTED THINNING IN THE YEAR 2000 WE OBSERVED THAT FOREST TREES IN PARCO NORD ARE CURRENTLY FACING CONDITIONS OF SEVERE STRESS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ABIOTIC (E.G. FREQUENT DROUGHT AND HEAT STRESS PERIODS) AND BIOTIC FACTORS (E.G. FUNGAL MICRO-ORGANISMS). THIS IS CAUSING A WIDESPREAD DIEBACK OF ADULT TREES THAT CAN GENERATE GAPS IN THE PLANTATIONS. CONSEQUENTLY THE FOREST STRUCTURE IS CHANGING.

  29. BIOTIC STRESSORS FUNGAL PATHOGENS MANY SPECIES AS Acer psaudoplatanus, Alnus cordata, Quercus robur, Quercus rubra SHOWED SYMPTOMS OF DECLINE AS A RESULT OF FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES DURING CUTTING OPERATIONS WE SAW MANY TREES OF DIFFERENT SPECIES AFFECTED BY A LOT OF DISEASES. THERE WERE ALSO A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS DEALING WITH THE PRESENCE OF EXOTIC SPECIES INADEQUATE FOR THE GROWING OF AN ARTIFICIAL FOREST IN THE PICTURES SYMPTOMS OF BOTRYOSPHAERIA DOTHIDEA ON ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS

  30. BIOTIC STRESSORS FUNGAL PATHOGENS MANY SPECIES AS Acer psaudoplatanus, Alnus cordata, Quercus robur, Quercus rubra SHOWED SYMPTOMS OF DECLINE AS A RESULT OF FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES DURING CUTTING OPERATIONS WE SAW MANY TREES OF DIFFERENT SPECIES AFFECTED BY A LOT OF DISEASES. THERE WERE ALSO A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS DEALING WITH THE PRESENCE OF EXOTIC SPECIES INADEQUATE FOR THE GROWING OF AN ARTIFICIAL FOREST Acer pseudoplatanus IN THE PICTURES UP: SYMPTOMS OF BOTRYOSPHAERIA DOTHIDEA ON ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS DOWN: QUERCUS RUBRA WITH BISCOGNIAUXIA MEDITERRANEA Quercus rubra

  31. ABIOTIC FACTORS CLIMATE CONDITIONS

  32. RESEARCH GOALS IN 2006 WE STARTED A RESEARCH PROGRAMME ON URBAN FOREST THE STUDY AIMS TO: - DETERMINE THE EVOLVING PROCESS OF THE ARTIFICIAL URBAN FOREST - IDENTIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLIMATE EVENTS, BIOTIC STRESSORS AND GROWING RATES - ANALYZE DIFFERENT GROWTH MODELS SUGGESTING WHICH SPECIES AND TECHNIQUES ARE MORE APPROPRIATE FOR RESTORING SIMILAR SITES

  33. MATERIALS AND METHODS YEARS OF PLANTATION: 1983 - 1996 - PLANTATION DENSITY: 3000-1133 TREE/HA - MAIN SPECIES: Acer spp, Ulmus spp, Alnus spp, Fraxinus spp, Quercus spp - MAIN MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS: THINNING IN 2001 DATA WERE COLLECTED IN 2007 - IDENTIFICATION OF 451 TREES IN 7 PERMANENT PLOTS (1600 m2PLOTS) - MICROSCOPE ANALYSIS OF CORES - IDENTIFICATION OF INCREMENT PER EACH YEAR - STATISTIC ANALYSIS OF INCREMENTS

  34. MATERIALS AND METHODS DIAMETRIC INCREMENTS DENDROCRONOGRAPH Ulmus spp. Fraxinus excelsior

  35. RESULTS DIAMETRIC INCREMENTS

  36. RESULTS DIAMETRIC INCREMENTS TRHOUGHOUT THE YEARS AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCREMENTS AND RAINFALL

  37. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION THE FIRST INCREMENTS ANALYSIS SHOW THAT: - DIFFERENT GROWING MODELS CHARACTERIZE DIFFERENT FOREST SPECIES - HIGH INCREMENTS HAVE BEEN ASSESSED INUlmus spp, Alnus cordata, Fraxinus spp, Quercus spp - LOW INCREMENTS ARE IN Prunus avium, Carpinus betulus, Celtis australis, Acer platanoides

  38. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION THE FIRST INCREMENTS ANALYSIS SHOW THAT: - CLUSTER ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED THREE DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF GROWING(I.E., GROUPS) - GROUPS I AND II DESPITE HAVING HIGHER INCREMENTS, APPEAR TO BE STRICTLY AND DIRECTLY INFLUENCED BY THE AMOUNT OF RAINFALL (DURING SPRINGTIME AND SUMMER) - GROUP IIIAPPEARS TO BE LESS INFLUENCED BY THE LACK OF RAINFALL - OTHER STUDIES SHOWED SPECIES OF GROUP III ARE GENERALLY IN A GOOD PATHOLOGICAL STATUS, WHILE SPECIES OF GROUP I AND II ARE OFTEN AFFECTED BY SEVERE DISEASES

  39. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED AND HAVE BEEN SCHEDULED IN ORDER TO: • DEFINE INCREMENTAL GROWTHIN WIDER SAMPLES AND OTHER CONDITIONS IN PARCO NORD – • EVALUATE WITH A HIGHER DETAIL THE RESPONSE OF TREES TO RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE (MICROCLIMATIC WILL BE COLLECTED IN DETAIL NEXT YEAR) - IDENTIFY REGENERATION MODELS TO IMPROVE AN ENRICHMENT OF SPECIES FITTED TO THE “NEW CLIMATE CONDITION” • EVALUATE IN DETAIL THE BIOTIC STRESSORS(PATHOLOGICAL STATUS) (NEW SURVEYS WITH REGARD TO PLANTINGS ARE RUNNING)

  40. EMoNFUr ESTABLISHING A MONITORING NETWORK TO ASSESS LOWLAND FOREST AND URBAN PLANTATION STATUS IN LOMBARDIA AND SLOVENIA - IN 2009 WE ASKED LIFE + GOVERNANCE A FINANCIAL AID IN ORDER TO COMPLETE THE STUDIES OF THE PREVIOUS YEARS - THE PROJECT IS ALREADY STARTED AT THE END OF 2011 AND IT WILL FINISH IN SEPTEMBER 2014 • IN THIS PERIOD WE WILL MONITOR 14 PERMANENT PLOTS IN LOMBARDIA 4 PERMANENT PLOTS IN SLOVENIA

  41. EMoNFUr ESTABILISHING A MONITORING NETWORK TO ASSESS LOWLAND FOREST AND URBAN PLANTATION STATUS IN LOMBARDIA AND SLOVENIA - THE AIMS OF THIS PROJECT ARE: - KNOWING THE CONDITION AND UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF THOSE FORESTS LOCATED INSIDE AND OUTSIDE URBAN AREAS (URBAN AND PERI-URBAN FORESTS, ARTIFICIAL OR NOT) - INCREASE KNOWLEDGE IN UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE URBAN AND PERIURBAN FORESTS COULD HAVE IN MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS - ON THE OTHER HAND WE SHOULD UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS CLIMATE CHANGE COULD HAVE ON THOSE FORESTS CAUSING THEIR DEGRADATION OR EVEN DESAPPEARANCE

  42. EMoNFUr ESTABILISHING A MONITORING NETWORK TO ASSESS LOWLAND FOREST AND URBAN PLANTATION STATUS IN LOMBARDIA AND SLOVENIA - THE AIMS OF THIS PROJECT ARE: - INCREASE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND SOCIAL SERVICES OF UPF - FOLLOWING THE EUROPEAN POLICY AND GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK EMoNFUr PROJECT WILL CREATE THE PREMISE FOR A EUROPEAN HARMONIC MONITORING NETWORK OF URBAN AND PERI-URBAN FORESTS - PRODUCTION OF AN ON-LINE MANUAL ABOUT HARMONIC MONITORING MODALITIES, AN ON-LINE MANUAL ON DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT LOWLAND ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL UPF, AN ON-LINE MANUAL ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF UPF

  43. EMoNFUr: JOIN US ! WE HAVE A SCIENTIFIC BOARD WITH A LOT OF EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES: UNIVERSITY OF BARI, FIRENZE, TUSCIA, MILANO, LJUBLJANA. LEEDS METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY IUFRO (INTERNATIONAL UNION OF FOREST RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS) EFUF (EUROPEAN FORUM ON URBAN FOREST) FORESTRY COMMISSION SFI (SLOVENIAN FORESTRY INSTITUTE) JRC (JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE) WSL (SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF FOREST ) AND WE ARE ORGANAZING A USER COMMITTEE AN INSTRUMENT TO PARTECIPATE, DISCUSS, IMPROVE INFORMATION E KNOWLEDGE. IF YOU WANT TO JOIN US, IF YOU WANT TO BE UPDATE ABOUT THE RESEARCH PLEASE SAND ME AN E-MAIL WITH A DECLARATION OF INTEREST benedetto.selleri@panassociati.it

  44. “Ogni cosa che puoi immaginare la natura l’ha già creata” “Everything you can imagine, nature has already done” Albert Einstein Thank you

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