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Native American Origins & European Contact: Exploring Theories and Cultural Interactions

This chapter discusses the theories surrounding the origins of American Indians and explores how ancient people reached the Americas. It also examines the Spiro Mound artifacts, Oklahoma's prehistoric times, and the impact of European explorers like Cortés, De Soto, and La Salle on Native American cultures. Learn about the encounters, advancements, and legacies that shaped both European and Indian societies.

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Native American Origins & European Contact: Exploring Theories and Cultural Interactions

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  1. Chapter 1 How did American Indians get to the New World?

  2. What theories relate to the appearance of American Indians?

  3. How did ancient people reach the Americas?

  4. What stories do artifacts tell? Artifact found in Spiro Mound near Spiro in southeastern Oklahoma, probably worn around the neck with a leather strap. Shell Gorget, Spiro, Mississippian period 9025.451 Gilcrease Museum Collection

  5. What was Oklahoma like in prehistoric times?

  6. What was life like for Indians? The American Vegetable Triad—corn, beans, and squash

  7. Who made the Spiro Mound? Engraved Shell Gorget from Spiro Mound Oklahoma Archeological Society A stone effigy pipe from the Spiro Mound Site, known as the Lucifer pipe Oklahoma Archeological Society on display at the National Museum of the American Indian

  8. Who were Oklahoma’s first visitors?

  9. Who was Cortés?

  10. Who was Coronado? Coronado Painting, Deaf Smith County Museum in Hereford, Texas.

  11. Who was De Soto? Hernando De Soto

  12. Who was Onate?

  13. What legacy did the Spanish leave?

  14. Who were La Salle and La Harpe? René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle

  15. How were European and Indian cultures affected by contact with each other?

  16. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Explain the most commonly accepted theory of Indian origin in North America. How did living conditions differ between eastern and western tribes during the early prehistoric era? Describe the oldest archeological find in the area that would become Oklahoma.

  17. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Discuss the advanced state of civilization reached by the Spiro people as evidenced by artifacts found in the Spiro Mound. What is the theory of Scandinavian expeditions into the area that is now eastern Oklahoma? Describe the purpose and results of the Coronado expedition. How did the attitude of the conquistadors affect their expeditions?

  18. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS What advantages did the conquistadors have over the Indians and how did they use their advantages? How did the things left behind by the Spanish affect the lifestyles of the Indians? How did the French hope to succeed in North America? How did they differ from the Spanish? What contributions did the explorers and the Indians make to one another’s lifestyles?

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