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From Amoeba to Cognition Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies April 16, 2003

From Amoeba to Cognition Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies April 16, 2003. Christoph von der Malsburg Institut für Neuroinformatik und Fakult ät für Physik und Astronomie Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany and Computer Science Department and Program in Neuroscience

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From Amoeba to Cognition Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies April 16, 2003

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  1. From Amoeba to CognitionFrankfurt Institute of Advanced StudiesApril 16, 2003 Christoph von der Malsburg Institut für Neuroinformatik und Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany and Computer Science Department and Program in Neuroscience University of Southern California Los Angeles

  2. Amoeba

  3. Euglena

  4. Repertoire of single-celled animals 1 • Metabolism • Production, transformation and breakdown of molecules • Synthesis of molecules under genetic control • Regulation, e.g., of ionic concentrations • Transport of molecules, inside, in and out of cell • Electrical “behavior” • Circadian rhythm • Reproduction

  5. Repertoire of single-celled animals 2 • Behavior • Sensing (light, sound, chemical milieu) • Self-shaping (pseudopodia, mitosis) • Motility, esp. chemotaxis • Feeding: ingestion and digestion • Aggression, flight • Signalling • Collaboration (e.g., slime mold, biofilms)

  6. Amoeba aggregation 2

  7. Spiral waves

  8. Ants

  9. Neuron 1

  10. Neuron 2

  11. Synapse

  12. The Ontogenetic “Riddle” • Information content of the genome: 109 bits • Information content of the brain’s wiring: 1016 bits • (1010 neurons, hence ld 1010 = 33 bits per connection, • times 1015 synapses = 1016 bits of information) • Solution: genetically controlled self-organization

  13. Rettec anatomical schema • A Model for the Ontogenesis of Retinotopy • (Willshaw and Malsburg, 1976)

  14. Rettec functional schma • Chemotaxis • Synaptic plasticity controlled by electrical signals

  15. Hebbian Plasticity Correlation-controlled Synaptic Plasticity (“Hebbian Plasticity”) Time 10 sec

  16. Meister (Prenatal ferret retina, M. Meister et al.)

  17. Network Self-Organization Network Signals Signal Dynamic Synaptic Plasticity

  18. Rettec functional schma

  19. Rettec principle 2

  20. Rettec development

  21. Visual system schema

  22. Levay stripes

  23. Binoc 1 A Model for the Ontogenesis of Ocularity Domains (Biol. Cybernetics, 1977)

  24. Binoc 2

  25. H&W orient

  26. Devalois 2

  27. 73 projection A model for the development of orientation-specific neurons (Kybernetik, 1973) Connection Strength Cortex Retina

  28. 73 stimuli Retinal Stimuli

  29. Meister (Prenatal ferret retina, M. Meister et al.)

  30. 73 cell 70 Re-organization of a cortical receptive field

  31. 73 cortex post

  32. 73 orientmap

  33. Devalois 1

  34. Gabors

  35. Olshausen-and Field: Schema Natural images • Development of connections strengths Φi(x,y) under 2 constraints: • Preservation of information (ability to reconstruct) • Sparsity

  36. Olshausen-Field Gabors

  37. Points of Conclusion: • Retinotopy, orientation specificity as paradigms • of network self-organization and CNS ontogenesis • Ontogenesis of CNS and cellular repertoire • Amount of genetic information

  38. image model Invariant object Recognition(As paradigm of a cognitive function)

  39. van Essen

  40. Rubfig 1 Objectrecognition Image Domain Model Domain Model Window

  41. Rubfig 2 Objection recognition 2 Image Domain Model Domain Model Window

  42. Temporal binding Rapid, Reversible Synaptic Plasticity Time 10 msec Temporal binding

  43. Network Self-Organization Network Signals Signal Dynamic Synaptic Plasticity

  44. Image-to-jets

  45. Maryl-representation

  46. 2D mapping formation

  47. Face recognition rates * After 3 iterations

  48. Points of Conclusion: • Evolution as a game of varying the eurkaryote’s repertoire • Ontogenesis as a refinement of old cellular behavioral patterns • reproduction, differentiation • cellular migration, chemotaxis • chemical signalling, reaction-diffusion patterns • putting out of “pseudopodia” • Brain function as a fast version of the same game again • Network Self-Organization the central process

  49. Outlook • The flexibility of the human brain shows that fundamental • principles are at work • Similar conclusions may be drawn from the rapid • development of human society • Elucidating the general principles of organization is the • challenge of our times • This issue has at present no academic home

  50. Molecular Biology

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