The Rise of Conservative America (1968-1990): Causes and Consequences

1. Rise of Conservative America(1968-1990) Unit I-C AP U.S. History

2. Think About It • To what extent did the events of the 1950s and 1960s lead to a rise in conservatism in the 1970s and 1980s? • Evaluate the extent of public policies of presidential administrations from Eisenhower to Reagan as a cause of increased public distrust in the federal government. • Compare and contrast the Warren Court (1953-1969) with the Burger Court (1969-1986).

3. Richard Nixon (R) Law and Order Southern Strategy Hubert Humphrey (D) National Convention Riots in Chicago George Wallace American Independent Party Election of 1968

4. Sixth Party System (1968-Present) Republicans Democrats Platform Liberalism Equal opportunity and social welfare Keynesian economics and progressive taxes National health insurance Affirmative action Environmentalism Multinational coalitions Judicial activism Pro-choice Electoral Events 1968 Democratic National Convention 2006 Mid-Term Elections 2008 Presidential Election Demographics Professionals/Academics Women, Youth, and Minorities Urban sectors Unions Northeast and Pacific West (Left Coast) • Platform • Conservatism • New Federalism • Supply-Side Economics • Privatization • Southern Strategy • Christian Coalition/Moral Majority • Proactive and expanded military • Judicial restraint • Pro-life • Electoral Events • Republican Revolution • 1994 Mid-Term Elections • Contract with America • Demographics • Business Professionals/Corporations • Blue-Collar Workers • Bible Belt, Midwest, Rocky Mountains

5. Richard Nixon (R) (1969-1974) • Political Policy • Silent Majority • WWII veterans, Midwest, South, blue collar, suburbia, rural America • New Federalism • War Powers Act (1973) • War on Drugs • Energy Crisis and Stagflation • OPEC oil embargo (1973) • “I am now a Keynesian in economics.” • 90-day price and wage controls • Conservation • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • Clean Air Act of 1970 • Watergate and Resignation (1973-1974) • 26th Amendment (1971) • Right to vote at 18 years old • Social and Cultural Developments • Kent State University (1970) • Foreign Developments • Détente • Visit to China and Soviet Union • Vietnamization

6. Kent State University (1970) • Student protests of Cambodia invasion • Ohio National Guard opened fire, killing 4 students and wounding 9 students (May 4, 1970) • President Nixon responded with indifference • Majority of Americans blamed students • Emphasized turmoil in America over Vietnam and the youth-based counterculture Mary Ann Vecchio in anguish over Jeffrey Miller * Pulitzer Prize winning photo

7. The Burger Court (1969-1986) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) New York Times v. United States (1971) Roe v. Wade (1973) Miller v. California (1973) United States v. Nixon (1974) Buckley v. Valeo (1976) Gregg v. Georgia (1976) Regents of UC v. Bakke (1978) Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)

8. Republicans Richard Nixon Democrats George McGovern Election of 1972

9. Richard M. Nixon (R) (1969-1974)Detente • Secretary of State Henry Kissinger • Nixon Doctrine • Vietnamization • Visit to China (1972) • Met with Chairman Mao • Virtual recognition of Communist China • Soviet Union and Leonid Brezhnev • Visit to Moscow (1972) • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) (1972) • OPEC’s Oil Embargo (1973)

10. Nixon & Detente (1969-1974)Vietnamization • Purpose • Expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese • Reduce American troop involvement • “Peace with honor” • Cambodia bombings • My Lai Massacre (1968) • U.S. troops slaughtered women and children • Pentagon Papers (1971) • Avoid defeat and ensure containment • NOT to help a friend • New York Times v. United States (1971) • War Powers Act (1973) • 48 hours advance notice • 60 day military authorization, 30 day withdrawal • Paris Peace Accords (1973)

11. Watergate • Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) • G. Gordon Liddy • Break-In at Democratic National Headquarters at Watergate Hotel (June 1972) • Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein - Washington Post • Deepthroat - Mark Felt • Saturday Night Massacre (October 20, 1973) • Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox • “I’m not a crook.” • Nixon Tapes • United States v. Nixon (1974) • Resignation (August 9, 1974) • In lieu of impeachment articles

12. Gerald Ford (R) (1974-1977) • Pardon of Nixon • “My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over.” • WIN (Whip Inflation Now) • Foreign Developments • Fall of Saigon

13. Gerald R. Ford (R) (1974-1977) Detente • Helsinki Accords • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) • Vietnam • Fall of Saigon (1975)

14. Feminist Movement • The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan (1963) • National Organization of Women (NOW) • Gloria Steinem • “Feminism has never been about getting a job for one woman. It’s about making life more fair for women everywhere. It’s not about a piece of the existing pie; there are too many of use for that. It’s about baking a new pie.” • “Women are not going to be equal outside the home until men are equal in it.” • Roe v. Wade (1973) • Political Gains • Sandra Day O’Connor - first female Supreme Court justice (1981) • Geraldine Ferraro - first major party Vice Presidential candidate (1984) • Madeline Albright - first female Secretary of State (1997) • Nancy Pelosi - first female Speaker of the House (2006)

15. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” • Phyllis Schlafly Red - ratified Yellow - rescinded ratification Green - ratified by only one state legislative chamber Blue - not ratified

16. HistoriographySecond Wave Feminism: How Inclusive? William H. Chafe – “The Road to Equality, 1962-Today” (2000) Rosalyn Baxandall – “Re-Visioning the Women’s Liberation Movement’s Narrative” (2001) The Black women in groups like Mothers Alone Working (MAW) and Mount Vernon/New Rochelle were far more centered around their role as mothers and the responsibility and power that goes along with motherhood than their counterparts in predominantly white women’s liberation groups. The latter largely consisted of young, child-free women, who nevertheless often offered childcare at major functions and campaigned for free twenty-four hour daycare as part of their future needs. The women of color groups generally defined motherhood more broadly than white groups. Motherhood for them encompassed caring for all children of their community as a way of fighting for the future of their community and themselves. • The one glaring flaw that should have concerned all women activists, whatever their ideological persuasion, was feminism’s failure to escape its narrow class and race boundaries. Despite the ambitious aspirations of socialist feminists for a cross-class, cross-race coalition, most feminist activists were white, middle class, and college-educated. There were occasional black feminist groups…and each feminist organization boasted some participation by African-American or Latina women. Yet on balance, the numbers were infinitesimally small. Both the language and the programs of feminist groups semmed to reflect a white middle-class approach. Until women of all classes and backgrounds felt attracted to and welcomed by feminist groups, there was little likelihood that the promise of a unversal sisterhood could become a reality.

17. Jimmy Carter (D) Political outsider Gerald Ford (R) Election of 1976

18. Jimmy Carter (D) (1977-1981) • Economy • 1979 Energy Crisis • Three Mile Island (1979) • Stagflation continued • “Malaise Speech” • Crisis of Confidence • Foreign Developments • Camp David Accords • Iran Hostage Situation

19. Jimmy Carter (D) (1977-1981)Human Rights • Panama Canal Treaty (1977) • Camp David Accords (1978) • Peace between Egypt and Israel • SALT II (1979) • Soviet Union and Afghanistan (1979) • Boycott of Moscow Olympics (1980) • Iranian Revolution (1979) • Ayatollah Khomeini • 55 American hostages for 444 days • Operation Eagle Claw (1980)

20. Reagan Revolution • Resurgence of Conservatism • William F. Buckley and The National Review • Barry Goldwater and The Conscience of a Conservative • Milton Friedman and libertarian economics • Demographics • Suburbia • More blue-collar workers • Yuppies and Corporates • Fundamentalists • Midwest, Rocky Mountains, and Bible Belt (South) • Neoconservatism • Christian Right/Moral Majority • Judeo-Christian principles

21. America Is Facing a Crisis of Confidence;The American Spirit Remains Strong Jimmy Carter – “Crisis of Confidence Speech” (1979) Ronald Reagan – “Acceptance Speech at the Republican National Convention” (1980) Never before in our history have Americans been called upon to face three grave threats to our very existence, any one of which could destroy us. We face a disintegrating economy, a weakened defense, and an energy policy based on the sharing of scarcity… Tonight, let us dedicate ourselves to renewing the American Compact. I ask you not simply to “Trust me,” but to trust your values – our values – and to hold me responsible for living up to them. I ask you to trust the American spirit which knows no ethnic, religious, social, political, regional, or economic boundaries, the spirit that burned with zeal in the hearts of millions of immigrants from every corner of the earth who came here in search of freedom. Some say that spirit no longer exists. But I have seen it – I have felt it – all across the land, in the big cities, in the small towns, in rural America. The American spirit is still there, ready to blaze into life if you and I are willing to do what has to be done, the practical, down-to-earth things that will stimulate our economy; increase productivity, and put American back to work. • The threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul and spirit of our national will. We can see this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose. The erosion of our confidence in the future is threatening to destroy the social and the political fabric of America… We are at a turning point in our history. There are two paths to choose. One is a path I’ve warned about tonight, the path that leads to fragmentation and self-interest. Down that road lies a mistaken idea of freedom, the right to grasp for ourselves some advantage over others. That path would be one of constant conflict between narrow interests ending in chaos and immobility, It is a certain route to failure. All the traditions of our past, all the lesson of our heritage, all the promises of our future point to another path, the path of common purpose and the restoration of American values. That path leads to true freedom for our Nation and ourselves. We can take the first steps down that path as we begin to solve our energy problem. Energy will be the immediate test of our ability to unite this Nation and it can also be the standard around which we rally.

22. Ronald Reagan (R) Jimmy Carter (D) Campaign Debate “There you go again.” “Are you better now than you were four years ago?” Election of 1980

23. Ronald Reagan (R) (1981-1989) • “Reaganomics” • Tax Reform Act of 1986 • Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare programs • Massive military expenditures • Deregulation - New Federalism • “In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.” • Black Monday (10/19/87) • 508-point drop in stock market • Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker • Raised interest rates to combat inflation • PATCO Strike (1981) • Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) • Iran-Contra Affair • Social and Cultural Developments • Sandra Day O’Connor Supreme Court appointment • Foreign Developments • Grenada • Mikhail Gorbachev

24. Ronald Reagan (R) Walter Mondale (D) Geraldine Ferraro as VP Rainbow Coalition Campaign Morning in America Reagan’s Age Election of 1984

25. The Rehnquist Court (1986-2005) • Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988) • Texas v. Johnson (1989) • Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) • Shaw v. Reno (1993) • United States v. Lopez (1995) • U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton (1995) • Romer v. Evans (1996) • Clinton v. Jones (1997) • Clinton v. City of New York (1998) • Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) • Bush v. Gore (2000) • Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

26. The Sunbelt and Rustbelt Why the Sunbelt? Low taxes, warmer climates, defense industries, right-to-work, immigrants Rustbelt Deindustrialization due to globalization, domestic policies, demographics. migration

27. Ronald Reagan (R) (1981-1989)Rollback • Reagan Doctrine • Provide support for resistance movements against communist governments • “peace through strength” • Operation Cyclone (1979-1989) • Support of Mujahideen in Afghanistan • Lebanon (1983) • Marines barracks bombing • Grenada (1983) • Operation Urgent Fury • Libya Bombings (1986)

28. Reagan & Rollback (1981-1989)Iran-Contra Affair • Iran-Iraq War • U.S. sold weapons to both sides; mostly to Saddam Hussein and Iraq • Nicaragua • Sandinistas • Contras • Boland Amendment (1985) • Iran-Contra Affair • Colonel Oliver North • Weapons sales to Iran funded Contras against Sandinistas

29. Reagan & Rollback (1981-1989)Soviet Union and Gorbachev • “Evil Empire” • Strategic Defense System (SDI) - “Star Wars” • Brandenburg Gate • "Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall." • Mikhail Gorbachev’s Reforms • Glasnost • Openness and freedom of expression • Perestroika • Gradual capitalist reforms