1 / 88

Elusive Eden: A New History of California, fourth edition

Elusive Eden: A New History of California, fourth edition. CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: WORLD WAR II: THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA. TOTAL WAR World War II defining event of twentieth century "Total war," waged on military and civilian populations around globe Lasted six years

alpha
Télécharger la présentation

Elusive Eden: A New History of California, fourth edition

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Elusive Eden: A New History of California, fourth edition CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: WORLD WAR II: THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA

  2. TOTAL WAR • World War II defining event of twentieth century • "Total war," waged on military and civilian populations around globe • Lasted six years • U.S. contributed 15 million service members

  3. Began summer of 1939 --Adolf Hitler's Germany invaded Poland --Allies France and England declared war on Germany --Hitler, Stalin signed non-aggression pact --Secret plan to divide spoils of war

  4. Germany attacked neutral European nations --By 1940 conquered western Europe --England next target • Officially U.S. neutral --Unofficially, FDR administration favored England --Unofficially, majority of US did too --Congress provided financial aid

  5. Summer 1941 Hitler attacked Soviet Union --Allied U.S., Britain, Russia against Hitler --Fighting concentrated on German/Russian border

  6. THE PACIFIC THEATRE • U.S. focused closest threat, Japan • Japan consolidating colonial empire in Pacific --1932 invaded Manchuia --1937 declared war on China --1940 expanded into French-held Indonesia --Justified as "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"

  7. US response economic --embargoed Japan --Steel, oil • fall 1941 Japan formed new military government --allied with Germany in Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis • US embargo having effect --Critical military shortages --Undermining colonial ambitions

  8. Officials decided to disable US --Japan's senior Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto --Designed surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii --Home of US Pacific Fleet --Late November 1941 moved aircraft carriers into north Pacific

  9. Sunday, December 7, 1941 Japanese aircraft bombed Pearl Harbor --Sunk, disabled majority of US battleships --3 aircraft carriers at sea • Japan moved quickly --Seized Dutch East Indies --British southeast Asia colonies --US colony, Philippines --All US island colonies west of Wake Island

  10. CALIFORNIA IN WORLD WAR II • US aid to Britain, entry into World War II ended depression --Sales of food, ships, war material boosted US economy • Directly improved, reorganized California economy --September 1939 economy = agriculture, mining, fishing, textiles, metal- and wood-working, movies, tourism dominated

  11. --oil, aircraft, shipbuilding, auto, rubber, agriculture quickly converted to war production • diverse landscapes provided battle training grounds • increased importance of naval bases at San Diego, Mare Island • Army expanded existing facilities: Fort Ord, Camp Roberts

  12. Marine Corps built new west coast base at Camp Pendleton • influx of war workers reshaped California society • 1940 implementation of military draft ended unemployment in US, California --By late 1941 labor shortages in Cal

  13. Shipbuilding first industry affected --By 1941 LA, SF shipyards booming --orders for troop carriers increased through end of war --aircraft building increased x 5 --spikes in demand for steel, chemicals, textiles, machine tools, food

  14. IMPACT OF PEARL HARBOR • Californians terrified --radio, newspapers published rumors --officials imposed blackouts, civil defense measures --immediate calls to remove Japanese

  15. "total war" hard to miss in California --Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force bases expanded --Ship- and aircraft manufacturing "" --Fed poured billions into university research and development --"" "" electronics manufacturing • Total fed WWII expenditures in Cal $40 billion --+ 10 percent of total

  16. Military trained on Cal deserts, mountains, beaches --1942 Geo. Patton's North African tank corps trained in Mojave Desert --1942 Fort Ord 50K city --Navy took over SF's Treasure Island, LA's Terminal Island --Air Force bases expanded at March Field, McClellan, Mather, Travis, George --California ports transfer stations for people, materiel bound for Pacific

  17. War work dangerous --July 17, 1944 ordnance ship exploded at Port Chicago --Blast killed 323 people, demolished 350 homes --Dead included 200 black seamen --Port Chicago "Mutiny" called attention to racism in military --Blacks served in segregated units with white officers

  18. --Commonly given most dangerous jobs --Surviving seamen refused to resume loading munitions --50 charged with mutiny, faced court martial proceedings --At trial testified to racism, hazardous working conditions --All 50 found guilty --Sentenced to 15 years in prison --dishonorably discharged

  19. many protested treatment of Port Chicago victims --Thurgood Marshall, Navy Secretary James Forrestal, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt appealed --Penalties reduced --January 1946 sentences set aside --men discharged "under less than honorable conditions" --denied veterans benefits

  20. 1988 California Congressmen Pete Stark, Ron Dellums pressed Navy to reopen cases --1994 Navy upheld original decision --1946 Secretary of Defense James Forrestal ordered complete end to segregation in Navy --July 1948 Pres. Truman ordered all branches desegregated

  21. THE RISE OF THE AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY • California aircraft industry weak, unstable before WWI --Government demand fluctuated --mail contracts main source of demand --US mail basis of commercial air travel • 1912 Glenn Martin started airframe company in southern California --motors built elsewhere --shipped to California assembly plants

  22. 1912 Christofferson, 1916 Loughead aircraft companies founded San Francisco • 1920 Donald Douglas formed aircraft company in southern California --Contracts from Army, Navy • 1924 Douglas's single-engine biplanes made first round-the-world flight --1926 reorganized as Douglas Aircraft Company

  23. 1926 Loughead brothers merged with John K. Northrup --New company Lockheed Aircraft Company --phonetic spelling of Loughead • 1927 Claude Ryan in San Diego built Charles Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis --first airplane to fly nonstop from New York to Paris --worldwide sensation

  24. Douglas, Ryan, and Lockheed designed passenger planes --Mail, military contracts still key to viability • 1935 Douglas unveiled DC-3 passenger plane --By 1939 carried 95 % of all US passenger traffic --Success brought new manufacturers to southern Cal --By 1939 + half all US aircraft workers in southern California

  25. Industry exploded in WWII --Numbers employed grew --1939 20,000 --1944 280,000 --1941 FDR set goal at 50,000 planes / year --Seemed impossibly high --Just 1943 + 100,000 planes manufactured --Key was massive increase in ##s of women workers

  26. SHIPBUILDING • WWII production exploded • Fed pumped $5B into Cal for ships • Numbers employed grew --1941 4,000 --1942 260,000

  27. Private, Navy shipyards opened, expanded in Sausalito, Vallejo, Alameda, Oakland, San Francisco --Produced hundreds of transport, cargo, amphibious, naval craft • Henry J. Kaiser's Richmond plant most impressive --Drew on experiences building Hoover Dam, other fed+private projects

  28. --Introduced assembly-line techniques to ship building --Facility built 1 in 4 of all WWII Liberty ships --1941, 250 days to produce 1 ship --Reduced to 25 days --Robert E. Perry built in 8 days --Key was massive increase in ##s of women workers

  29. Richmond population skyrocketed --from 20,000 to + 100,000 • Kaiser perfected corporate welfare programs --Underwrote construction of worker housing --Introduced prepaid health care --Kaiser Foundation Health Plan covered workers, dependents

  30. 1942 Kaiser built state's first integrated blast furnace, steel-rolling mill --fifty miles east of Los Angeles --Fontana plant increased state steel production by 70 percent --War industries less dependent on eastern steel manufacturers

  31. OTHER WAR INDUSTRIES AND AGRICULTURE • 1941-1945 Oil production increased 50 % • Rubber industry developed synthetic rubber --Japan controlled natural rubber supplies in Southeast Asia --synthetic rubber became permanent industry • Radio manufacturers switched to radar, sonar devices • Auto manufacturers built tanks, troop carriers

  32. Heavy industry tripled state's industrial labor force • Food production increased --Pop growth --Govn contracts for troops, overseas relief --Value of dairy products, fruits, nuts, vegetables, cotton, livestock increased 2x, 3x pre-war value

  33. Overall value of agriculture rose --1939 $623 million --1945 $1.75 billion • Labor shortages threatened food production -- + 700,000 Californians enlisted, drafted --Okies flooded into war jobs --Japanese removed to camps

  34. 1942 Fed responded with bracero program --Mexican nationals imported as temporary agricultural workers --US promised transportation, health care, housing, minimum wage, and unemployment pay --1944 peak, imported 26,000 workers

  35. SCIENCE • California home to top-notch universities, research facilities --California Institute of Technology --Stanford University --University of California, Berkeley --University of California, Los Angeles

  36. R&D contracts produced important discoveries --rocket-assist systems for aircraft --radar-assisted torpedoes • Most important development atomic bomb --1930s University of California, Berkeley professor of physics Ernest O. Lawrence developed cyclotron (atom smasher) --synthesized neptunium, uranium 235, plutonium

  37. --basis for further nuclear research --attracted J. Robert Oppenheimer, others to UCB • 1942 US govn proposed, UCB accepted Manhattan Project --Lawrence oversaw construction of top-secret laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico --Ultimately produced world's first atomic bomb

  38. August 1945 US used bomb on Japanese cities of Hiroshima, Nagasaki --Ended World War II --Launched atomic age, Cold War

  39. WOMEN IN THE WAR • Shock of Pearl Harbor, national commitment to WWII made fundamental changes in women's roles possible • Armed services opened new positions to women --Army and Navy Nurses Corps (ANC/NNC) --women's branch of army (WACs) --women's branch of navy (WAVES) --"" "" Coast Guard (SPARS)

  40. Intended for non-combat positions --Goal to free up men for combat --Women still faced dangerous conditions • Thousands left low-paid jobs for defense work --Shipyards --Airplane assembly plants --electronics, munitions, other war-related industries

  41. nationally women took over "male" production jobs --before 1941 few women in heavy industry --after 1941 + 2M --½ just in aerospace • influx of women war workers to California --attracted by patriotism, high pay --women + 40 percent of Cal aircraft employees

  42. other opptys opened as well --men unavailable --employers forced to accept women • Cal women found work as chemists, engineers, railroad workers, lawyers, journalists

  43. new opportunities for women of color --San Francisco's Jade Snow Wong found job in office of War Production --Job boring, but $ good, oppty to contribute to war effort --San Francisco's Maya Angelou liked streetcar conductors' uniforms --Determined to break streetcars' color barrier

  44. Employers resisted integration --federal Fair Employment Practices Committee dictated equal hiring --black men and women forced employers to comply --pressed Cal to create state Fair Employment Practices Commission --By 1944 blacks were + 7 percent of war industries work force

  45. women's movement into new work created new problems --war brought severe shortage of housing, food and transportation services --few child care resources for working mothers --100% annual employee turnover rates not uncommon --War's end brought unemployment, low wages, other problems

  46. REMOVAL OF THE JAPANESE AMERICANS • Lt. Gen. John L. DeWitt commander, Fourth Army, Western Defense Command --In San Francisco when Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor • Initially resisted removal of Cal Japanese --Army's provost marshal general, Allen W. Gullion favored --chief of Aliens Division, Karl R. Bendetsen favored

  47. February 14, 1942, DeWitt advised FDR --Removal of Japanese, enemy aliens from coast "military necessity" --FDR responded with Executive Order 9066 --authorized secretary of war to identify military exclusion zones --secretary delegated to DeWitt

  48. March 1942 DeWitt ordered evacuation --Affected most West Coast Japanese, Japanese-Americans --June 1942 deadline to report to assembly centers • Issei, Nisei transferred to ten "relocation centers" • Removal changed Japanese neighborhoods --Japanese left San Francisco's Fillmore District --Places taken by African American war workers --Most recent arrivals from South

  49. By 1944, +25% of evacuees "paroled" to Midwest, East Coast • U.S. Supreme Court attacked relocation in Endo case --detention of Japanese American citizens unconstitutional --didn't close camps --August 1945, 1/3 of evacuees (44,000) still in camps --Many afraid to go home --Many had no homes to return to

  50. CONSEQUENCES OF EVACUATION • Removal tested fundamental American values --2/3 of internees U.S. citizens • Only a handful of Japanese resisted relocation • Gordon Hirabayashi one example --Born in Seattle, US citizen --Refused to report for registration, relocation --Turned himself in to FBI --Convicted of violating curfew, relocation orders

More Related