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The Jovian Planets, Part I

The Jovian Planets, Part I. Jupiter . JUPITER The God Of Thunder and Sky. Physical Data. Diameter: 71,400 km (11.19 D earth ) Mass: 1.899x10 30 g (317.9 M earth ) Density: 1.33 g/cm 3 Rotation Period: 9.92 hours (radio) Tilt of Axis: 3 o Surface Temperature: 130 K . Physical Data.

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The Jovian Planets, Part I

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  1. The Jovian Planets,Part I Jupiter

  2. JUPITERThe God Of Thunder and Sky

  3. Physical Data • Diameter: 71,400 km (11.19 Dearth) • Mass: 1.899x1030 g (317.9 Mearth) • Density: 1.33 g/cm3 • Rotation Period: 9.92 hours (radio) • Tilt of Axis: 3o • Surface Temperature: 130 K

  4. Physical Data • Orbital Semi-Major Axis: 5.203 AU • Orbital Period: 11.86 years • Orbital Inclination: 1.3o • Orbital Eccentricity: 0.048 • Surface Gravity: 2.53 Earth gravity • Satellites: 63 as of 2011 • Magnetic Field: 19,000 times greater than Earth’s

  5. Jupiter’s Interior ATMOSPHERE LIQUID MOLECULAR HYDROGEN METALLIC HYDROGEN IRON SILICATE CORE

  6. Jupiter’s Atmosphere • 90% Hydrogen • 10% Helium • Small amounts of: Methane Ammonia Ethane Water

  7. Clouds composed of: Ammonia Ammonia Hydrosulfide Hydrogen Sulfide Water Vapor The Surface Temp. is 150 K (-190oF). Jupiter’s Atmosphere

  8. Usually brown or red Low-pressure regions of sinking gas Lower than zones ZONES: Usually yellow-white High-pressure regions of rising gas Higher than belts JET STREAMS blow at the boundaries Jupiter’s Atmosphere BELTS: L H L H L H L

  9. Huge anti-cyclone (goes counterclockwise in Southern Hemisphere) Circulation Period: 6 days Known for 300 years It is 14,000 km wide and 40,000 km (three Earth diameters!) long Jupiter’s Atmosphere The Great Red Spot

  10. Jupiter’s Atmosphere Hot Surface Temperature: • The temperature at Jupiter’s surface (cloud tops) is about 130 K • Calculations say it should be 107 K • Discrepancy because Jupiter’s interior radiates 2.5x as much heat as it receives from the Sun • Jupiter is still slowly contracting

  11. Jupiter’s Magnetic Field • Strongest magnetic field in the solar system • Tilted 15o from the axis of rotation • Highly flattened due to rapid rotation • Distorted • The moon Io, revolves in the magnetosphere, and matter from it accumulates in a torus

  12. Matter in the Io torus stimulates the emission of radio bursts This radiation called decametric radiation Decametric bursts can be short (S-bursts) or long (L-bursts) L-burst S-Burst S-Burst (slowed down) Jupiter’s Magnetic Field

  13. Jupiter’s Rotation Periods • Jupiter is a differential rotator • This means not all parts of Jupiter’s surface rotate at the same rate • Equatorial rotation rate (System I) = 9h50m30.003s • Polar rotation rate (System II) = 9h55m40.632s

  14. Jupiter’s Rotation Periods • The most widely used rotation period is System III • This is the rate at which the interior rotates as observed through the radio emissions • Radio rotation rate (System III) = 9h55m30.003s

  15. Found by Voyager I fly-by Main ring extends from 1.72-1.81 Jupiter radii from center of planet Brightest part is about 6,000 km wide Jupiter’s Rings

  16. Jupiter’s Moons • At least 16 • The four largest were discovered by Galileo and are now referred to as the “Galilean Satellites”: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto “IEatGreenCentipedes”: How to remember their order and relative density (i.e. Io is closest and most dense)

  17. Jupiter’s Moons IO EUROPA size of our Moon GANYMEDE CALLISTO size of Mercury

  18. Jupiter’s Moons IO EUROPA active sulfur crust ice/rock crust dense core rocky interior dense core molten silicate subsurface oceans? GANYMEDE CALLISTO ice/rock crust thick ice/rock crust rocky or muddy core rocky or muddy core water/ice mantle

  19. IO Densest Galilean moon Most volcanically active body in the Solar System Fresh surface, no impact craters Inside Jupiter’s magnetosphere: decametric emission Jupiter’s Moons

  20. Europa Very little surface relief Smoothest body in the Solar System Cracked ice surface features Jupiter’s Moons

  21. Ganymede Largest moon in the Solar System Surface is “Moon-like”, i.e. cratered and has maria Made of 50% water Little surface relief Jupiter’s Moons

  22. Callisto Perhaps the most heavily cratered body in the Solar System Lowest density of all the Galilean satellites (more than 50% water ice) Little surface relief Jupiter’s Moons

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