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Achieving the MDGs: An Overview of the Spatial and Ethnic Challenges Facing Sabah

Achieving the MDGs: An Overview of the Spatial and Ethnic Challenges Facing Sabah. Zunika Mohamed Principal Assistant Director Economic Planning Unit. 17 th May 2007 Kota Kinabalu. Background. Malaysia a multi-ethnic society of some 26 million people

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Achieving the MDGs: An Overview of the Spatial and Ethnic Challenges Facing Sabah

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  1. Achieving the MDGs: An Overview of the Spatial and Ethnic Challenges Facing Sabah Zunika Mohamed Principal Assistant Director Economic Planning Unit 17th May 2007 Kota Kinabalu

  2. Background • Malaysia a multi-ethnic society of some 26 million people • Successful history of 5 year development plans since 1960s • Plans have included national development goals aimed at advancing economic and social well-being • Outline Perspective Plans 1, 2 and 3 • Mid-Term Reviews • Policies • Many of these national goals foreshadow the international development goals, including the MDGs

  3. Economic Context

  4. Mean Monthly Gross Household Income, 1999 & 2004 Source: HIS, 2004

  5. Population and Urbanization Rate, 2005-2010

  6. Spatial Distribution of Population Source: HIS 2004 ; Note: Refers to citizen

  7. Sabah : Access to Treated Water (% households) Source : HIS

  8. Sabah : Access to Electricity (% households) Source : HIS

  9. Sabah: Basic Amenities

  10. Sabah: Distribution Households by Industry

  11. MDG 1 Eradicate extreme poverty Poverty MDG targets already achieved: projected to be eliminated before 2015 (%) Trend from 1990 – 2004 35 Extrapolated trend 1990 Target in 2015 30 Ahead of target Behind of target 25 2004 1990 Households living below poverty line 20 1990 1990 15 10 2004 5 2004 2004 0 MALAYSIA Pen. Malaysia Sabah Sarawak

  12. Malaysia: Major Success to Eradicate Poverty . . . (% total households) Note : * Based on Methodology 2005

  13. MDG 1 cont’d Spectacular reduction over time in poverty among all ethnic groups Households living belowpoverty line(%)

  14. Sabah : Major Success to Eradicate Poverty …. (% total households) Note : * Based on Methodology 2005

  15. (%) 100 90 Primary 80 Lower Secondary 70 Enrolment ratios 60 50 40 Upper Secondary 30 20 10 0 1970 ‘80 ‘85 ‘91 ‘95 2000 ‘03 MDG 2 Achieve universal primary education Almost all children enroll in primary schooling and most in lower and upper secondary

  16. Sabah : Education Level

  17. MDG 2 cont’d Almost all young adult women and men are literate 100 90 Male 80 Female 15 - 24 year-olds literate (%) 70 60 50 1970 1980 1991 2000

  18. 1.2 1.1 Primary Ratio of Girls to Boys Secondary 1.0 Tertiary 1990 1995 2000 0.9 0.8 16 14 12 10 Women in parliament (%) 8 6 4 2 0 1990 1995 1999 2004 MDG 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Girls and boys alike attend primary: more girls at higher educational levels Few parliamentarians are women but rising trend

  19. MDG 4 Reduce child mortality Infant mortality targets exceeded: ahead of some industrial countries Trend from 1990 - 2002 Extrapolated trend 14 1990 1990 Target in 2015 Ahead of target 12 1990 1995 1995 10 1995 2000 2000 1990 8 Infant mortality rate per 1000 births 1995 2000 6 2000 4 2 0 Indian Chinese Malay MALAYSIA

  20. MDG 5 Improve maternal health Maternal deaths are now rare events 60 50 40 (per 100,000 live births) Maternal mortality ratio 30 20 10 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 (3 year moving average) Rising contraceptive prevalence increases reproductive health 60 50 Contraceptive prevalence rate (%) 40 30 1975 1980 1990 1995

  21. 0.8% 1.5% 9.1% 14.3% 74.3% MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS not yet halted and reversed (‘000) (‘000) 70 7% male 8 60 93% 8% female 92% 50 6 5% 40 6% 4 30 95% 20 94% 2 10 1% Injecting drug useHeterosexualMother to child Homosexual/Bisexual Unknown 99% 0 0 2005 2005 1990 2000 1990 2000 Cumulative reportedperson livingwith HIV/AIDS Cumulative reportedAIDS deaths Transmission modes, 1986-2005

  22. MDG 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Access to water source expanding but needs to go further in rural areas 100 Urban 90 Households with access to 80 improved water (%) Malaysia 70 60 Rural 50 40 1980 1991 2000 Approaching universal access to safe sanitation 100 90 80 Household with improved sanitation (%) 70 Malaysia 60 Urban 50 Rural 40 1980 1991 2000

  23. MDG 7: Challenges Coordination in planning for development - State and Federal - Between Agencies Sustainable use vs conservation - resource balance

  24. MDG 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development Malaysia cooporates with bilateral, multilateral and regional development partners Malaysia Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP) expands its scope and coverage to further share development experience with other developing countries - By 2005 135 participating countries; - Undertaken special advisory projects; - Collaborated with Colombo Plan and JICA

  25. Conclusion • Malaysia has reached most MDG targets but challenges remain • To eliminate hard-core poverty by 2010 • To reduce spatial and ethnic inequities (Gini = 0.462 in 2004) • To define new indicators to identify and target marginalised indigenous groups • To halt the spread of HIV/AIDS • To ensure sustainability of development gains in a competitive global environment • Data coverage • Delivery system • Manpower and resources

  26. THANK YOU

  27. 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005F 2006F 1,132 368 1,247 7.4 1.9 -4.0 0.2 3,737 1,717 4,487 5.6 6.7 -13.5 -1.2 6,299 2,329 5,284 5.1 3.1 -2.9 -2.1 13,333 3,509 8,360 3.1 1.6 -5.8 9.4 17,741 4,706 10,363 3.5 2.9a/ -3.8 15.7 18,995 5,055 11,030 3.4 - -3.5 15.9 Major improvements based on key economic indicators . . . • GNP per capita • RM • US$ • US$ (in PPP) • Unemployment (%) • Inflation (%) • Fed. Govt. account • (% to GDP) • Current a/c of BOP • (% to GNP) a/ Jan-Sept 2005

  28. 2 2 Selected Indicators Of Quality Of Life. . . reaching the level enjoyed in advanced economies 1970 1990 2004 61.6 65.6 39.4 4,302 58 17 48 44 68.8 73.5 13.1 2,533 85 131 80 80 70.4 76.2 5.9 1,261 95.1 736 94 98 • Life expectancy (in years) : • Male • Female • Infant mortality rate / 1000 • Population / Doctor ratio • Literacy rate (%) • Telephones / 1000 population 1 • Utilities : • Pipe water (% of population) • Electricity (% of households) Note : 1/ Include mobile phones 2/ Universal coverage in urban areas

  29. POVERTY ERADICATION STRATEGIES

  30. POVERTY ERADICATION STRATEGIES UNDER OPP1 (1971-1990) Goal: “Poverty eradication irrespective of race” Key Strategies Provision of basic social infrastructure particularly education, health and basic services such as roads, water supply and electricity Increase productivity and income through integrated agriculture development (in-situ) and new land development Increasing opportunities for inter-sectoral movements from low to higher productivity activities

  31. POVERTY ERADICATION STRATEGIES UNDER OPP2 (1991-2000) Introduction of new dimension: hardcore poverty Key Strategies Continue OPP1 strategies in providing both social and physical infrastructures for access in education, health, product market and employment mobility (rural urbanization) Introduction of special hard-core poverty programmes to increase standard of living with the provision of decent housing, child nutrition and maternity health Micro credit scheme for the hardcore poor to be involved in income generating activities

  32. Continue to encourage commercial agriculture activities and supplemented with related non farm income activities Tackling abandoned land through group-based commercial agriculture activities and supported by Integrated Agriculture Development Projects Combining effort between government and plantation sector to improve standard of living among estate workers POVERTY ERADICATION STRATEGIES UNDER OPP2 (1991-2000)..cont

  33. POVERTY ERADICATION STRATEGIES UNDER OPP3 (2001-2010) Eighth M’sia Plan (2001-2005) Ninth M’sia Plan (2006-2010) New Dimensions: - Target specific to address pockets of poverty (remote areas, indigenous minorities, urban poor)

  34. Focused on human resource development and quality of life improvements Emphasize income-generating projects Intensified human capital development through educational and training programmes Rural development - Land & agriculture development - economic development such as aquaculture project - Marketing channels, credit micro assistance - Infrastructure/rural roads, electricity, etc Others - Health care, scholarship, text books, food supplements, low- cost housing - to promote private sectors & NGOs to play role in complementary poverty eradication OVERALL POVERTY ERADICATION STRATEGIES UNDER THE NATIONAL MISSION AND 9MP (2006-2010)

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