C hapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 : The Renaissance Begins

1. Chapter 14: The Renaissance and ReformationSection 1 : The Renaissance Begins By: World history Period 1

2. A. The Renaissance in Europe • Main idea: Two major features of the Italian Renaissance were acceptance of nonreligious attitudes and the study of Greek and Roman cultures.

3. A. The Renaissance in Europe • A Fresh Outlook • The Renaissance was a time for new attitudes about culture, life, and learning. • Human life wasn’t seen as preparation for eternal life anymore. • Now in the Renaissance it seems as if people want to live their lives to the fullest.

4. A. The Renaissance in Europe • The Renaissance Begins. • Italy had been the center of the ancient Roman empire thus making it a natural place for the Renaissance to begin. • Business and commerce also helped pave the way for the renaissance. • Since Italy was a central location it made it a good position for profit.

5. A. The Renaissance in Europe • Renaissance figures in the arts. • Renaissance writer Francesco Petrarca known as Petrarch began writing. • Another Renaissance figure was a painter named Giotto. He painted lifelike , expressive figures that gave the illusion of movement in the paintings. • Brunelleschi is often credit with the discovery of perspective which gave drawings a three-dimensional effect.

6. A. The Renaissance in Europe • Humanism • Important sources of information for the Greek and Roman were Renaissance poets, historians, artist , and scholars • A intellectual movement was made that focused on classical ideals , styles , and forms. • This movement was called humanism and the people that joined this movement were called humanists.

7. B. Italian Renaissance Writers • Main idea: During this period, important contributions to science, art, politics and manners were made by people such as Leonardo da Vinci, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Baldassare Castiglione.

8. B. Italian Renaissance Writers • Machiavelli and Government • Machiavelli had job of observing how rulers worked or in his chase didn’t work. • Machiavelli mostly wanted to know about how the rulers gained and kept there power. • A famous book called The Prince written by Machiavelli was based on what he saw as a observer , how the rulers really acted instead of how he thought he should act.

9. B. Italian Renaissance Writers • The Writing of Castiglione • Another famous writer published a best seller called The Courtier which gave the ideal thoughts on how a man should be. • This book was read by men and women and was soon translated into several different languages.

10. C. Italian Renaissance Artists • Main Idea: the arts, including painting, sculpture, and architecture, flourished during the Renaissance.

11. C. Italian Renaissance Artists • Leonardo da Vinci as Renaissance Man • A renaissance man was mostly known as a man with how was skilled in many different profession. • Da Vinci was well none for his famous painting admired widely around the world. • His great masterpieces included the Adoration of the magi, the last supper, and La Gioconda more commonly known as the Mona Lisa.

12. C. Italian Renaissance Artists • Painting • two well none artist were Michelangelo Buonarrotti and Raphael Sanzio. • Many artist such as these moved to Rome at a very young age. • Later on the pope gave Michelangelo a chance of painting the Sistine Chapel.

13. C. Italian Renaissance Artists • Sculpture and Architecture • Sculptures of human figures represented saints and king in typical poses. • The human body became a major subject of worship . • This also influenced many other places such as Rome and Greece.

14. Chapter 14: The Renaissance and the Reformation Section II: The Renaissance Spreads J.F. World History Period 1

15. A: The European Renaissance Spreads Outside Italy During the 1500s, the Renaissance spread across northern and western Europe.

16. A: The European Renaissance Spreads Outside Italy Johann Gutenberg and the Printing Press • Many factors helped spread the Renaissance into northern Europe • The invention of the printing press around 1450 by Germanys Johann Gutenberg was one of the most important • The printing press made it possible to share knowledge the humanists had gathered by printing and distributing multiple copies

17. A: TheEuropean Renaissance Spreads Outside Italy The Spread of Ideas Translation of the printed word was just one of many ways in which the ideas and values of Renaissance Italy were spread throughout the rest of Europe. The ideas of the Renaissance were also were carried outside Italy by Italian artists who traveled to other countries. da Vinci, for example spent his final years in France as a painter, engineer, and architect to King Francis I.

18. B: Northern Renaissance Writers Northern Renaissance made important contributions.

19. B: Northern Renaissance Writers Erasmus Spreads Humanism One of the most important figures of the Renaissance of northern Europe was Desiderius Erasmus. Erasmus was ordained priest from Rotterdam, a city in the Netherlands. He was also a humanist, a person who wants to deal with the problems people face in this life rather than the next one.

20. B: Northern Renaissance Writers Francois Rabelais • A generation after Erasmus, the French humanists François Rabelais used a humorous tone in his work Gargantua and Pant gruel • Rabelais used the characters in this story to tell others his opinions on religion, education, and greed. • Rabelais made fun of greed, clerical abuses, and the education system also in his humorous novels.

21. B: Northern Writers Montaigne’s Personal Essays Another important French humanist was Michel de Montaigne. As an adult after a term of service in government, Michel spent many years in private study. He wrote his thoughts and feelings in personal essays. He used his essays to gain and share self knowledge. Among the topics he discussed were education, friendship, suffering, politics, death, freedom, and nature.

22. B. Northern Renaissance Writers • Cervantes and the First European Novel Renaissance Spain also produced one of the greatest writers of that age, That writer was Miguel de Cervantes. Known simply as Cervantes. • After an action packed carrier as a soldier, he settled down to write poems, plays, and stories.

23. C. Northern Renaissance Artists Achievements in art were made when the Renaissance spread through northern Europe

24. Flemish Painters • One important school if art was located in Flanders, a region of Belgium. Flanders became the artistic center of northern Europe. • Jan van Eyck was the first great Flemish Renaissance painter. He developed new standards for the realistic portrayal of the human figure and was among the first painters to use oil paint. • Adoration of the lamb His works included landscapes, pictures of towns people, and religious scenes.

25. C. Northern Renaissance Writers Durer Invents the Woodcut • One of the greatest painters of this time was Albrecht Durer. He moved to France to improve the engraving skills he had learned from his father. • Durer was to do some of his finest work as an engraver and woodcutter. • He traveled to Venice, where he discovered new artistic styles and news forms of expression that were quite different from what he had experienced in his native country.

26. D. The English Renaissance English writers made great contributions to the Renaissance.

27. D. Renaissance Models: Thomas More and Philip Sidney Two men who lived almost a century apart, Thomas More and Philip Sidney, summed up the spirit of the English Renaissance. Thomas More became a brilliant lawyer . As a young man he formed a close relationship with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus. Sir Philip Sidney brought together the style and accomplishments of the Renaissance gentleman in England. Sidney was a brilliant diplomat and soldier, as well as a poet and a major literary critic.

28. D. Shakespeare, Playwright and Poet • During this period, a number of poets and playwrights wrote books and plays that are still read till this day. One of those poets was William Shakespeare, often called the greatest poet of all time. • Shakespeare was born in Stratford, England, in 1564. Before he was 30, he moved to London where he established himself as both a playwright and a poet. • Shakespeare also wrote comedies, histories, romances, and poems of all sorts.

29. Chapter 14: The Renaissance and the ReformationSection 3:The Reformation Ivery World History Period 1

30. A. Causes of the Reformation • Main Idea: • After previous calls for church reform had failed, Martin Luther took up the challenge and began the Reformation.

31. A. Causes of the Reformation • Religious, Social & Political Factors: • The Roman Catholic Church owed money to the army for rebuilding Saint Peter’s Basilica an early Christian Church. • Church officials were used to a life of luxury. They had forgotten their promises to obey the laws of God & the laws of the Church. • The Renaissance encouraged individuals to want a change in the Church & manage their own religious affairs.

32. A. Causes of the Reformation • The Spread of Knowledge: • The invention of the Gutenberg printing press changed the way knowledge & opinions were communicated. • The Gutenberg Bible was one of the most celebrated & popular products of the printing press. • In 7 generations, the Bible was well known & the reformers encouraged all Christians to interpret the Bible.

33. A. Causes of the Reformation • The Challenge of Martin Luther: • Martin Luther entered the monastery & visited Rome. He was shocked at the Pope’s power & wealth, & with the high ranking clergy. • Luther publicly called for reforms, which resulted in his being expelled from the church. • Luther argued that the clergy should be allowed to marry & had the German Princes take over the church. Because of this, Luther's followers became known as Protestants. A symbol of the Protestant Reformation

34. B. The Spread of Protestantism • Main Idea: • The Reformation spread rapidly throughout Europe, resulting in a number of different forms of dissent.

35. B. The Spread of Protestantism • Calvinism: • Calvinism refers to the beliefs & practices of the followers of French theologian John Calvin, who published Institutes of the Christian Religion. • Calvin & Luther’s beliefs were similar, however Calvin emphasized on the idea of Predestination. • Calvin had wished to build a Christian society where religion & politics had no separation.

36. B. The Spread of Protestantism • The English Reformation: • King Henry VIII was excommunicated from the Roman church for going against the law & divorcing his wife. • When Henry died, his son Edward VI took over the throne, & Protestantism grew in popularity. • After he had died his half sister Mary Tudor took over & earned the name “Bloody Mary” by burning hundreds of Protestants while trying to reinstate Roman Catholicism.

37. C. Catholics Respond to the Reformation • Main Idea: • The Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation.

38. C. Catholics Respond to the Reformation • The Council of Trent: • The Council of Trent was able to address many of the major issues that the Protestants had challenged. • The Council of Trent believed that the Bible & the Church were the only sources of truth. • In the end The Council of Trent occurred too late to keep the church as one & still collided with Roman Catholic beliefs.

39. C. Catholics Respond to the Reformation • Spreading Catholicism: • Before the meetings of The Council of Trent, Ignatius of Loyola founded a new group called the Society of Jesus. • The members were called Jesuits. They were soldiers of the Church, missionaries for the Christian faith & educators of the young. • Theresa of Avila was a nun who devoted herself to meditation & prayer.

40. Predestination: • Predestination is basically the act of God deciding your future (what you do, what happens, etc.) from the beginning & also if wither you go to Heaven or Hell.

41. Opening lines of Luther’s hymns: “A mighty fortress is our God, A bulwark [defensive wall] never failing. Our helper He amid the flood Of mortal ills prevailing.”

42. Excommunicated: • Means to be kicked out of church to be cut off from communion and the sacraments.