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Chapter 49

Chapter 49. Sensory and Motor Mechanisms. Types of Sensory Receptors. Mechanoreceptors Chemoreceptors Electromagnetic receptors Thermoreceptors Pain receptors. Hair. Cold. Gentle touch. Pain. Heat. Epidermis.

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Chapter 49

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  1. Chapter 49 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

  2. Types of Sensory Receptors • Mechanoreceptors • Chemoreceptors • Electromagnetic receptors • Thermoreceptors • Pain receptors

  3. Hair Cold Gentletouch Pain Heat Epidermis Mechanoreceptors- sense physical deformation caused by stimuli such as pressure, stretch, motion, and sound Dermis Hypodermis Hairmovement Connectivetissue Strongpressure Nerve

  4. Chemoreceptors • Generalchemoreceptorstransmit information about the total solute concentration of a solution • Specific chemoreceptors respond to individual kinds of molecules

  5. Electromagnetic Receptors- detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity, and magnetism Eye Infraredreceptor (a) Rattlesnake (b) Beluga whales

  6. Thermoreceptors, Pain Receptors • Thermoreceptors- respond to heat or cold • Pain Receptors- respond to excess heat, pressure, or chemicals released from damaged or inflamed tissues

  7. Middleear Outer ear Inner ear Stapes Skullbone Semicircularcanals Incus Malleus Auditory nerveto brain Cochlea Ovalwindow Eustachiantube Pinna Auditorycanal Roundwindow Tympanicmembrane

  8. Hearing • Vibrating objects create percussion waves in the air that cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate • Hearing is the perception of sound in the brain from the vibration of air waves • The three bones of the middle ear transmit the vibrations of moving air to the oval window on the cochlea

  9. These vibrations create pressure waves in the fluid in the cochlea that travel through the vestibular canal • Pressure waves in the canal cause the basilar membrane to vibrate, bending its hair cells • This bending of hair cells depolarizes the membranes of mechanoreceptors and sends action potentials to the brain via the auditory nerve

  10. Axons ofsensory neurons Apex Ovalwindow Vestibularcanal Stapes Vibration Basilar membrane Tympaniccanal Base Fluid(perilymph) Roundwindow

  11. 500 Hz(low pitch) 1 kHz Flexible end ofbasilar membrane Apex 2 kHz Basilar membrane 4 kHz 8 kHz Base(stiff) 16 kHz(high pitch)

  12. Taste Sugar molecule G protein Sweetreceptor Tongue Phospholipase C SENSORYRECEPTORCELL Sugarmolecule Receptor cells for taste are modified epithelial cells organized into taste buds Five taste perceptions: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (elicited by glutamate) Taste pore PIP2 Sensoryreceptorcells Tastebud IP3(secondmessenger) Sodiumchannel Sensoryneuron IP3-gatedcalciumchannel Nucleus ER Ca2+(secondmessenger) Na+

  13. Smell • Olfactory receptor cells are neurons that line the upper portion of the nasal cavity • Binding of odorant molecules to receptors triggers a signal transduction pathway, sending action potentials to the brain

  14. Brain Action potentials Olfactorybulb Odorants Nasal cavity Bone Epithelialcell Odorantreceptors Chemo-receptor Plasmamembrane Cilia Odorants Mucus

  15. Vision • Iris: regulates the size of the pupil • Retina: contains photoreceptors • Lens: focuses light on the retina • Optic disk: a blind spot in the retina where the optic nerve attaches to the eye

  16. Light is focused by changing the shape of the lens • The retina contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones • Rods are light-sensitive but don’t distinguish colors • Cones distinguish colors but are not as sensitive to light

  17. Sclera Choroid Retina Ciliary body Suspensoryligament Fovea (centerof visual field) Cornea Iris Opticnerve Pupil Aqueoushumor Lens Central artery andvein of the retina Vitreous humor Optic disk(blind spot) Animation: Near and Distance Vision

  18. Rightvisualfield Opticchiasm Righteye Lefteye Leftvisualfield Optic nerve Primaryvisual cortex Lateralgeniculatenucleus

  19. Skeletal Muscle • Characterized by a hierarchy of smaller and smaller units • A skeletal muscle consists of a bundle of long fibers, each a single cell, running parallel to the length of the muscle

  20. Each muscle fiber is itself a bundle of smaller myofibrils arranged longitudinally • The myofibrils are composed to two kinds of myofilaments: • Thin filaments consist of two strands of actin and one of regulatory protein • Thick filaments are staggered arrays of myosin molecules

  21. Striated muscle- the regular arrangement of myofilaments creates a pattern of light and dark bands • Sarcomere- the functional unit of a muscle, separated by Z lines

  22. Muscle Bundle ofmuscle fibers Nuclei Single muscle fiber(cell) Plasma membrane Myofibril Z lines Sarcomere

  23. TEM 0.5 µm M line Thickfilaments(myosin) Thinfilaments(actin) Z line Z line Sarcomere

  24. The Sliding-Filament Model of Muscle Contraction • Filaments slide past each other longitudinally, producing more overlap between thin and thick filaments

  25. Sarcomere 0.5 µm M Z Z Relaxedmuscle Contractingmuscle Fully contractedmuscle ContractedSarcomere

  26. Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers • Skeletal muscle fibers can be classified • As oxidative or glycolytic fibers, by the source of ATP • As fast-twitch or slow-twitch fibers, by the speed of muscle contraction

  27. Oxidative fibers- rely on aerobic respiration to generate ATP • Many mitochondria, a rich blood supply, and much myoglobin • Myoglobinis a protein that binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin does Glycolytic fibers- use glycolysis as their primary source of ATP • Less myoglobin than oxidative fibers, and tire more easily In poultry and fish, light meat is composed of glycolytic fibers, while dark meat is composed of oxidative fibers

  28. Slow-twitch fibers- contract more slowly, but sustain longer contractions • All slow twitch fibers are oxidative Fast-twitch fibers- contract more rapidly, but sustain shorter contractions • Fast-twitch fibers can be either glycolytic or oxidative Most skeletal muscles contain both slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles in varying ratios

  29. Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion • Skeletal muscles are attached in antagonistic pairs, with each member of the pair working against the other

  30. Human Grasshopper Extensormusclerelaxes Bicepscontracts Tibiaflexes Flexormusclecontracts Forearmflexes Tricepsrelaxes Bicepsrelaxes Extensormusclecontracts Tibiaextends Forearmextends Flexormusclerelaxes Tricepscontracts

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