中文课

1. 中文课 九月十五号 格拉汉姆先生

2. Introduction • News presentation: Clover • Pass back quizzes • Average on second quiz better. 78 vs. 82. • Review all questions • The numbers are extremely crucial to lesson four. This is because the months and days of the week are all based on the numbers. If you did not do well on the lesson 3, then you will certainly need to work hard for the next quiz.

3. 第四课，今天是几月几号Days of the week • The vocabulary on page 13 is very important. • Review each word, pay close attention to stroke orders of the character, and the pronunciation. • Listen to the CD, track 5. • In Chinese to say the day of the week, you say “星期”and then say the number of the day. • Since Monday is the first day of the week, you say “星期一”. Since Thursday is the fourth day of the week, you say “星期四”, and so on. • For Sunday, people usually DO NOT say “星期七”. This is the only day that is different. Either write “星期日” or “星期天”.

4. Months and Dates • In Chinese, month is said as “yuè” or 月. • January is the first month of the year, so is said as 一月。February is 二月, March is 三月，and so on. • VERY SIMPLE! • In Chinese, the word Hào (号) means number or day. This word is used to express days of the month. • February 23 is thus written as 二月二十三号 • The rough translation to English would be “Two month, twenty-three day.”

5. Review the homework • Do all exercises on pages 14 to 17 in the workbook for homework. • ANY QUESTIONS?

6. Chinese History Pre-1911 • The China we think of today did not always exist as one country. • The geography has changed significantly over about 5,000 years of history. • See this link for the map animation. • First major character in history was Confucius, who lived around 550 BC. His teachings became extremely important to Chinese culture and shaped the political and social events. • First ruler of a unified China was 秦始皇 (QínShǐhuáng), who ruled from 259 BC to 210 BC. He’s the one in the picture. Under his rule, China began building the Great Wall. • The name Qin is where the word CHINA comes from. • There are many dynasties dating back thousands of years. We will only look at the most recent ones, but you may hear about: • Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) • Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) • Wei and Jin Period (265 – 420 AD) • Wu Hu Period (304-439) • Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 – 589) • Sui Dynasty (589 – 618) • Tang Dynasty (618 – 907)

7. Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) • Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271. At this time, the rule was only in northern China, near Beijing. This was a period of Mongolian rule. • In 1276, Kublai Khan led his army to capture southern territories, uniting the whole country. • Agricultural economy during this time, a relatively prosperous era due to new farming techniques, new technology, and the creation of paper money. • China began trading with foreign countries. This was around the same time Marco Polo travelled to Asia from Europe. • In 1367, internal problems amongst the ruling class, natural disasters, and an angry population brought an end to the Yuan Dynasty. A rebel army led to Zhu Yuanzhang ended the Yuan Dynasty.

8. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • Zhu Yuanzhang made himself emperor and started the Ming Dynasty in 1368 and captured Beijing, expelling all Mongols. • Zhu ended a lot of the corruption and problems of previous eras. Punished a lot of the officials and rulers from previous times. • The lives of the peasants improved. • Chinese influence throughout the world grew, as Emperor Chengzu send a fleet of ships to other Asian countries to explore and trade from 1405 to 1433. • Chengzu moved the capital to Beijing from Yingtian in 1421.

10. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • Economically, feudalism started to end, and capitalism began to emerge. Food output increased. Also, new industries emerged. Porcelain was created on a large scale. New industries in silk, alcohol, tobacco, fruits and vegetables were developed. New cities were formed. • Later in the Dynasty, restrictions were made, which made commerce much more difficult. • New forms of art and literature were created. New weapons an military technology were made. • Architecture was also very important. • Forbidden City • Great Wall was further developed. • Corruption and natural disasters created big problems at the end of the Ming Dynasty. Dozens of rebel armies attacked Xi’An and Beijing, two important cities. • The Ming Dynasty officially ended when EmerporWeizong hanged himself in Beijing.

11. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) • Started in 1644 when Li Zicheng led a peasant’s uprising and started a new regime in Beijing. • There were new policies to revive the economy and improve the lives of peasants. The country became more politically centralized. • The country expanded to new frontiers, including Tibet, Xinjiang, Taiwan, and Mongol regions. • Cultural and technological developments continued.

12. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) • 1841: British officially take control of Hong Kong • Under the corrupt rulers of the later part of the Qing Dynasty, rebellions and uprisings took place. The Opium War (1840) and Western influence in Asia weakened the leaders. • In the late 1800’s, the Westernization Movement: An effort to adopt Western culture, technology, and philosophy. • Reform Movement of 1898: A cultural, educational and political reform inteded to modernize the country. • Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864): A civil war in southern China • The Revolution of Sun Yat-Sen overthrew the Qing Dynasty, ending the monarchy system and making China a more modern Republic.