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CPES Ecology – 2009-10

CPES Ecology – 2009-10. Succession Biogeochemical Cycles. Introduction. What is meant by a geochemical cycle? Why are chemicals cycled while energy is not cycled?. Carbon Cycle. In what chemical form does inorganic carbon enter the living part of the ecosystem?

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CPES Ecology – 2009-10

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  1. CPES Ecology – 2009-10 Succession Biogeochemical Cycles

  2. Introduction • What is meant by a geochemical cycle? • Why are chemicals cycled while energy is not cycled?

  3. Carbon Cycle • In what chemical form does inorganic carbon enter the living part of the ecosystem? • In what process does this conversion occur? • Where is organic carbon found in the ecosystem? • What are three processes in which organic carbon is converted back to to inorganic carbon? (name organisms involved)

  4. Key Processes in Carbon Cycle • Inorganic carbon to organic carbon in biomolecules (living organisms) CO2 + H2O + light Carbohydrates + O2 • Organic carbon to inorganic carbon Carbohydrates + O2 CO2 + H2O + light

  5. Carbon Cycle

  6. Processes that Release Organic Carbon to Carbon Dioxide • Burning • Cellular Respiration • plants • animals • Decomposition

  7. Carbon Cycle and Humans • In what way are humans releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? • Where did this carbon originally come from? • Why is this a problem? (pg. 30)

  8. Nitrogen Cycle • In what form is nitrogen found in the atmosphere? • What organisms are needed to make nitrogen available to plants? • What is the role of legumes? Name some • In what form does nitrogen enter producer? • After entering a producer, nitrogen is used to make what biomolecules? • How do consumers get nitrogen? • How does nitrogen become again available to producers?

  9. Nitrogen Cycle

  10. Mineral Cycles • How do minerals enter living organisms? • What process releases minerals from rocks? • Why do these cycles usually take geologic time rather that days, years or decades? • What are examples of mineral cycles?

  11. Mineral Cycle: phosphates, calcium, magnesium and others (pg 22)

  12. Water Cycle • Where is water found in the biosphere? • How does water enter the atmosphere? • How does water get into plants? How about animals? • How does water enter the atmosphere from plants? • What process are involved in water going from atmosphere to earth’s surface? • What happens to water once it enters a plant or animal? • Once water hits ground surface, what can happen to it?

  13. Water Cycle

  14. Community Interactions • Interspecific Competition • Niche overlap • Resource Partitioning • Predation • Symbiosis

  15. SuccessionVideo- Stages of Sucession http://www.unitedstreaming.com/search/assetDetail.cfm?guidAssetID=0708C038-3BCA-41A3-86ED-E9AECB2DC369 • Ecosystems change over time - a predictable process • Primary Succession - begin from bare rock, takes very long • Pioneer species- microbes, lichens, mosses • Secondary succession- begins with soil present • results from disturbance, destruction of an ecosystem • How might this happen? • How do humans set succession back to earlier stage?

  16. Succession When first formed, a pond has a sandy or muddy bottom. This is the pioneer stage. Pond weeds grow in the humus, but they don’t reach the surface. This the submerged plant stage. Cattails, bullrushes and water lilies are found growing in ponds which are in the emerging plant stage. There are no large areas of open water. The pond has now become a marsh. Drier than a marsh, the swamp supports the growth of trees that don’t mind having wet “feet.” Soil carried by floods is deposited in the swamp. The drier ground supports a beech-maple forest. On the prairie, flowers bloom in spring. Fires prevent the growth of trees.

  17. Why are PA Forests Important? • PA Forest Products • History of PA forests and forestry • Notes from video • List all values of PA Forests

  18. Pennsylvania Forests • Forests of PA – Location • Ownership • Forest types in PA • Environmental factors determining forest type • Average yearly temperature • For plant communities the most important temperature factors are the minimum winter temperatures and the length of the growing season between the last spring freezes and the first frosts of autumn. • Average yearly precipitation • Length of growing season • Soil type (related to glaciation and temperature) • Slope and resulting soil moisture • PA forests: “The State of the Forest” • PA Forests 2004 (maps of different tree species)

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