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Basic Microbiology

Basic Microbiology. JEOPARDY. WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR. The 20 years following the elaboration of this man ’ s postulates for proof that a bacterium caused a specific disease are known as the “ Golden Age of Microbiology ”. Who is Robert Koch?. WEILL CORNELL

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Basic Microbiology

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  1. Basic Microbiology JEOPARDY WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  2. The 20 years following the elaboration of this man’s postulates for proof that a bacterium caused a specific disease are known as the “Golden Age of Microbiology” Who is Robert Koch? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  3. The “nuclear region” of bacterial cells. What is the nucleoid? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  4. Binding of lac repressor to DNA and binding of trp repressor to DNA are both examples of this type of regulation. What is negative regulation? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  5. The preferred method of sterilization whenever possible. What is autoclaving? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  6. Two antibiotics that inhibit the elongation cycle of protein synthesis. What are chloramphenicol and erythromycin? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  7. These genetic elements are not capable of autonomous replication, but can form copies of themselves that can insert into replicons. What are transposons? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  8. The pink color of Lac+ colonies on MacConkey media is due to a pH indicator that changes color as a result of this. What is acid production by the bacteria using lactose as a carbon source? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  9. 70S versus 80S What is the difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  10. The proton motive force used to generate ATP for bacteria is established by pumping protons across this structure. What is the cell membrane? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  11. A culture of bacteria sensitive to streptomycin is plated on agar media containing streptomycin. A few colonies arise. In the absence of evidence for gene exchange with other bacteria, this genetic process must be responsible for the ability of some of the bacteria to become streptomycin resistant. What is mutation? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  12. Unique recombination mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Borrelia recurrentis produce new bacterial types. This is the general term given to this process. What is antigenic variation? or What is antigenic switching? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  13. The fates of pyruvate under fermentative conditions can produce a variety of endproducts. Identification of these products is often used for this purpose. What is bacterial identification? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  14. This genetic term accounts for the fact that the hospital environment yields larger numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria than the community environment. What is selective pressure? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  15. Cocci, bacilli, spirals What are the basic shapes of bacterial cells? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  16. Both contain peptidoglycan What are Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  17. This mechanism of gene transfer in bacteria requires close cell-to-cell contact. What is conjugation? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  18. It is generally believed that bacteria of this type lack the ability to produce superoxide dismutase. What are anaerobic bacteria? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  19. In DNA cloning, initial detection of clones often involves plating cells on media containing a specific antibiotic for which the cloning vector carries a resistance gene. Bacterial cells that receive the plasmid vector will be able to grow on the antibiotic containing media. This is an example of this type of genetic selection. What is direct selection? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  20. Multiple antibiotic resistance is most often due to carriage of plasmids of this type. What are R-plasmids? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  21. This group contains many organisms that live in extreme environments. What are Archaebacteria? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  22. Suppression of frameshift mutations requires the insertion or deletion of this many nucleotides in DNA near the site of the original mutation. What is 1 or 2 but not 3 nucleotides? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  23. Conserved consensus regions are found –35 and –10 bases upstream from the transcription start site in this region of the gene. What is the promoter region? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  24. Cells given this name reflect their ability to transfer chromosomal genes to recipient cells at a high frequency due to integration of the F plasmid into the donor chromosome. What are Hfr cells? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  25. Bacteria replicate by this process. What is binary fission? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  26. This structure is often responsible for attachment of bacteria to body surfaces or environmental surfaces. What are pili? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  27. UV-light is not an effective sterilizing agent due to this property. What is poor penetration? or What is low energy spectrum? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  28. Extracellular component of some prokaryotes that contributes to virulence by inhibiting phagocytosis. What are capsules? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  29. This code is used universally in all genetic systems to direct the sequence of amino acids in a protein. What is the triplet code? or What is the Universal Genetic Code? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  30. Error prone DNA repair pathways lead to increases in this. What are mutations? or What are mutation frequencies? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  31. This physiologic state, either natural or artificially induced, is required for cells to take up naked DNA. What is competence? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  32. The stationary phase of bacterial growth is mostly a result of these two events in a growing culture. What are nutrient depletion and accumulation of toxic substances? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  33. Measurement of the phenol coefficient for a given disinfectant is used for this purpose. What is standardization? or What is to compare disinfectants to one another? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  34. Extended spectrum penicillins were developed for effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. This is the prototype example of this drug class. What is piperacillin? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  35. For Southern blotting procedures, this macromolecule is run on an agarose gel and blotted to nitrocellulose filters. What is DNA? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  36. Efficient expression of the lac operon requires removal of the lac repressor and the application of this global regulator. What is CAP protein? or What is cAMP binding protein? or What is CRP protein? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  37. This type of gene transfer in bacteria is sensitive to DNase in the media. What is transformation? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  38. Synthetases are the enzymes responsible for charging these molecules with amino acids to be used in protein synthesis. What are tRNA molecules? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  39. Multi-enzyme complex composed of the 8-10 subunits of DNA polymerase III along with DNA binding proteins, unwinding proteins and other accessory structures. What is the replisome? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  40. The major cytoplasmic structural element of bacterial cells. What are ribosomes? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  41. Dormant bacterial form produced by limited genera like Bacillus and Clostridium. What are endospores? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  42. DNA repair systems serve to repair various kinds of DNA damage; UV-induced photodimers are usually removed by this repair system. What is excision repair? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  43. Many new diagnostic procedures will use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to rapidly identify bacteria. This procedure requires knowledge of the DNA sequence to be amplified in order to produce these, which are required to begin the process. What are primers? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  44. These covalent bonds effectively make the bacterial cell wall one large polymer; they may form with or without cross-bridges depending on individual species. What are peptide bonds? or What are peptide crosslinks? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  45. Spontaneous mutation is most often a result of errors in this process. What is DNA replication? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  46. Dideoxy nucleotides are useful for DNA sequencing procedures because they cause this during DNA replication. What is chain termination? or What is cessation of DNA synthesis? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  47. The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among many bacterial species is most likely due to this type of genetic exchange. What is conjugation? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  48. Multi-layer peptidoglycan, teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids What is the Gram-positive cell wall? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  49. These DNA fragments are produced by discontinuous replication in the lagging strand. What are Okazaki fragments? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

  50. Mutants of this type require the addition of extra nutrients to minimal media to allow for bacterial growth. What are auxotrophs? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

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