America and World War II

1. America and World War II APUSH Mr. McElhaney

2. 21. The Second World War The rise of fascism and militarism in Japan, Italy, and Germany Prelude to war: policy of neutrality The attack on Pearl Harbor and United States declaration of war Fighting a multi-front war Diplomacy, war aims, and wartime conferences The United States as a global power in the Atomic Age 22. The Home Front During the War Wartime mobilization of the economy Urban migration and demographic changes Women, work, and family during the war Civil liberties and civil rights during wartime War and regional development Expansion of government power AP Outline

3. Treaty of Versailles Good Neighbor Policy Buenos Aires Conference, 1936 Washington Naval Conference, 1922 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 Stimson Doctrine Trade Agreements Act Election of 1940 Axis Alliance, Mussolini, Hitler Appeasement/Munich Agreement Lend-Lease Act, 1941 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Selective Training and Service Act Tripartite Pact Maginot Line Battle of Britain/ Operation Sea Lion Atlantic Charter, 1941 Hideki Tojo/Japan, China, Embargo War Powers Act Charles A. Lindbergh (1930s) America First Committee Reciprocal Trade Agreements, 1934-1940 Europe then Japan Mobilization, National War Labor Board Japanese-American Internment, Korematsu v. US War in the Pacific War in Africa, Europe Eisenhower,Second Front, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill) Neutrality Acts, 1935-1940 Four Freedoms Speech Rosie the Riveter, War Production Board African Americans in War Tuskegee Airmen, Phillip Randolph Holocaust and Jewish Wartime Conferences Casablanca Cairo Teheran Quebec Yalta Potsdam Manhattan Project Robert Oppenheimer Los Alamos, Alamogordo Harry S. Truman Decision to drop bomb, Nagasaki Marshall Plan Iron Curtain Terms to Know

4. Questions- Pre-World War II • Basic questions you should be able to answer: • How does the US public respond to Japanese, Italian, and German militarism and aggression in the 1930’s? • Was it inevitable that the United States was going to join the War? • How does the Roosevelt administration try to stay out of the growing conflicts in Europe and Asia and what finally pushes the US into the conflict? • How was FDR’s “Good Neighbor” policy a departure for American politicians since the 1890’s?

5. Quiz 3-13 • Respond to two of the following: • How did FDR reinforce the policy toward Latin America begun by the Hoover administration? • Explain how the Stimson Doctrine is applied in relation to China. • What action does Congress take in an effort to support American neutrality?

6. United States Status After WWI • After WWI US is considered Isolationist by many, because of the desire to stay out of international politics (not a member of League of Nations…Wilson and Republicans) • Few international treaties: • Washington Naval Conference- limits naval armaments • Kellogg-Briand Pact-outlaws war • Dawes Plan- reorganizes German WWI debt payments • Trade drives American motives • Reduction of interference in Latin America (Good Neighbor) • Above all- popular opinion in US is to stay out of foreign wars!

7. FDR and Foreign Affairs • Similar to Wilson, FDR wanted to use power to maintain order • Moral and just principles • However, must abide by public opinion which is Isolationist • Interventionist • Appoints Cordell Hull as Secretary of State • Basic views: • Isolation is not a lasting policy • Technology impacts distance of oceans • Important to maintain American interests • Reciprocal Reduction of Tariffs- will help the economy= countries that reduce tariffs, US will also reduce tariffs= more trade for both partners

8. “Good Neighbor” Policy • FDR wanted to continue the cordial relations with the world and Latin America in particular • Continued attempt begun with Hoover • Cooperation and non-interventionist • Example: 1933 Montevideo International Conference- Uruguay • Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Withdrew troops from Haiti • Did not send troops to Cuba • 1936 FDR visited Buenos Aires, arranged meeting of LA nations supporting peace movement

9. Mussolini-Italian Right Wing Dictator • Came to power in 1922 • Fascisti De Combatamento. (Fascist) • Right Wing, anti-Socialist and Communist • Wanted greatness like the Roman Empire for Italy • Repressive but not too extreme- (no concentration camps) • Nationalist • Invades Somalia (1935) and Ethiopia in 1936

10. Haile Selassie • Ethiopian Emperor- Condemned the invasion of his country in the League of Nations • This was a perfect example of the failure of the League- no way to enforce peace- beyond economic sanctions • Haile Selassie is regarded as the Messiah of the African race by followers of the Rastafarian movement. The word ''Rastafarian'' comes from Selassie's pre-coronation name, Ras Tafari.

11. Hitler Rises to Power • Germany has problems • Economic Depression • Conflict with Socialist/Communists against Right Wing Groups- Nazis are one group • Nazis gain significant power in Reichstag (German legislature) 1933 and Hitler ascends to Chancellor (similar to Prime Minister-executive branch)

13. Factors that Contributed to Hitler’s Rise • Economic depression • Treaty of Versailles (Peace Treaty Germany and Allies World War I) • Striped Germany of land (East Prussia, Danzig and empire) • Striped Germany of military, navy, air force • Allies had a right to intervene (Saar Basin Rhineland, many resources) • German had to take explicit blame for the war • Pay War Repartitions • Socialists/Communists vs Right Wing groups were fighting for control • Created conditions for popularity of Nazis for some German voters

14. Hitler and Hindenburg • New Chancellor and Old President of Weimar Republic

15. Hitler-Once in Power • Hitler vows to make Germany great again • To “Claim its rightful place in the Sun.” • Reichstag fire = Hitler has emergency powers • Hitler begins to implement his plan- (found in his book Mein Kampf) • Rearm Germany • Unite the German people in one country (all German speaking people; 1938 Anschluss- political unity between Austria and Germany, later (Sudetenland) Czechoslovakia and East Prussia (part of Poland) • Ethnically Cleanse German Territory (all non-Aryan…Jews, Gypsies) • Expand East “Lebensraub”- into Russian lands, Destroy communists

16. European Appeasement • One of the huge lessons of World War II that is brought up again and again is the idea of Appeasement(giving in to demands as an expedient to avoid a conflict or difficult struggle) • The powers of France, Great Britain and others in Europe have been accused of appeasing Hitler when they should have stopped his early demands. • The idea is that perhaps Hitler could have been stopped. Before he was too powerful. • By giving in to Hitler’s demands, it encouraged him to push further and brought another Global War • British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain will always be remembered for his appeasement of Hitler. (“Peace in Our Time”) Munich Agreement

17. Why did the Allies appease Hitler? • Treaty of Versailles- Peace was too harsh • All consuming desire for peace • Rearmament • Nationalism- create one nation, racial, ethnic homogeneity, with strength and a traditional spiritual location • Anschluss- • Chamberlain and Munich= Sudetenland, • 1939 Poland and the Polish Corridor-Danzig- • Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact • 1941 Lebensraum and Operation Barbarossa-

18. Failure of the League of Nations • Recall the League of Nations was designed to prevent war • Problems: US is not part of • It did not have an enforcement capability- especially could not use force • Only weapon was economic embargo and public pressure • When Japan, then Italy, and later Germany pursue aggression invading other countries (Manchuria, Somalia, Ethiopia, Spanish Civil War, and Czchoslovakia) • The international body will have little or no effect

19. China Still Weak • After WWI China remains weak • “Open Door” Reinforced • Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat Sen and Chiang Kai-shek- Friendly to United States Fighting over control with Communist forces of Mao Tse Tung

20. Japan • Wanted to expand it’s empire similar to France, Britain, and the US. • Want to control China’s abundant natural resources • Japan was angry regarding theWashington Naval Conference (1921- Harding Admin, set limit for Japanese Navy, subordinate position to US and Britain, reinforced the “Open Door” policy, all nations can trade with China. • Japanese nationalists rise in power and asserted that power in Manchuria

21. Japan invades Manchuria 1931 • Russo-Japanese War- begins Japanese interest in Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, and economic interests, raw materials) • Japanese military asserted rights to Manchuria • Military- incident with Chinese forces is an excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new name is Manchukuo. • Later to further weaken China, Japan will bomb Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese goods

23. Results of Japanese invasion of Manchuria • US President was Hoover (1932) • Hoover responds with the Stimson Doctrine- (Secretary of State under Hoover) refusing to acknowledge results of gains made by aggression- • US will not recognize territorial changes- • League of Nations condemns the attack on China • Japan subsequently withdraws from League of Nations (League is essentially ignored) • No country wants war and China will suffer greatly when Japan attacks full scale invasion 1936(caution very graphic see Rape of Nanjing) • 300,000 civilians killed • Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and essentially closes the “Open Door”

24. Chinese Fight • Chiang Kai-shek resists the Japanese and moves capital to Chunking and even unites with the the Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the duration of the war.

25. American Neutrality • The Neutrality Act of 1935- members of congress, wanted to keep America out of war • Popular idea, US entered WWI because of bankers and industrialists • Imposed an embargo on warring nations • Forbade American sale of war goods and ships from transporting munitions to belligerent countries • Gave president power to prohibit Americans traveling on belligerent ships • Neutrality Act 1936- forbade loans to belligerent countries • Neutrality Act 1937- response to the Spanish Civil War • Goods from the US to warring nations had to be paid for in cash (2 years only)

26. More Neutrality • Many groups in America wanted Isolation • Irish, German- Americans • Midwesterners, Anti-Communists, Anti-Semites, liberals who wanted continue reform, and pacifists • Ludlow Amendment- Isolationist support was so great that- an amendment to Constitution was proposed, that only in case of attack or invasion could US declare war. (not approved)

27. Quarantine Speech • 1937 FDR • The Quarantine Speech FDR on 1937 calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the time. • The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention. • The speech was a response to aggressive actions by Italy and Japan, and suggested the use of economic pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than outright aggression.

28. FDR Tries to Aide Chinese • Flying Tigers • American “Volunteers” • Fighting for Chinese • Read More on the Web

29. Spanish Civil War • Loyalists-Democratically elected Socialists are attacked by Francisco Franco- • Insurgents- Generalissimo Francisco Franco- Nazis and Italian Fascists support with 50,000 troops, planes, and tanks. • Loyalists are supported by Soviet Union and International Brigades (Foreign volunteers- For Whom the Bell Tolls) • American Neutrality Acts – hurt the loyalist cause- Americans will not help the Spanish Gov. • FDR wanted to help but was hampered by isolationist law makers

30. Picasso’s painting of German bombing of ancient city of Gurenica, during Span Civ War-

32. German-Soviet Non Aggression Pact • August 23, 1939- Hitler and Stalin sign a secret agreement to partition Poland- • Germans invade Poland in the West • Russians invade Poland in the East • World War II in Europe begins- France and Britain had guaranteed Polish sovereignty • US responds with a renewed Neutrality act 1939- “cash and carry”

33. Non-Aggression Pact

34. Non Aggression Pact Germans and Soviets share Poland-1939

35. The “Phony War” • Refers to the period between Poland’s Surrender and the attack on France and Britain. • September 1939-April 1940 • Germany rapidly beat Poland “Blitzkrieg” • France and Britain mobilized and waited for attack • April 1940 Denmark, Norway, • May 1940 Belgium and France • Dunkirk- 300,000 British troops escape the continent- Churchill now in charge • Paris Falls June 1940 • England stands alone “Battle of Britain”

36. Battle of Britain • Brits were alone as of June 1940 • Winston Churchill, the new prime minister summed up the British attitude: • “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.”

37. What will • “…in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old."

38. Isolationists America First Committee Charles A Lindberg “Intervention is detrimental to American interests” Internationalists Committee to Defend America Best way to keep US out of war is to Help allies fight the Germans Roosevelt is sympathetic “Defend America by Aiding the Allies” United States Reacts to WarDebate 1940: Isolationist or Internationalist

41. FDR Calls for Preparedness • May 1940 FDR calls Congress to create an air force of 50,000 planes • And capacity to produce 50,000 planes per year • By June 1940 $3 Billion was appropriated for defense • By October 1940, $17 Billion was appropriated for defense including Navy

42. FDR Aids the Allies • Summer 1940 FDR asks congress to allow trade of 50 destroyers in exchange for 99 year leases for bases in the Atlantic • Although population does not want to enter the war, 73% support aid to Britain.

43. 1941 Lend Lease • 1941 Lend Lease: • Program to offer aid to Brits • FDR in a “Fireside Chat” “If a neighbor’s home were on fire…” • “lease, lend or otherwise dispose of” any items not vital to the nation’s defense. • US is closer to the War- (US Ships secretly were supporting the British Navy by searching and reporting on U-boat locations) • Hitler afraid to attack American Ships

44. Atlantic Charter AUGUST 14, 1941 • The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world. • First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; • Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; • Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; • Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; • Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; • Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; • Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; • Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.

45. Meeting Before the War • Before US enters War: August, 1941 Newfoundland • Secret, FDR and Churchill meet to coordinate • Create the Atlantic Charter (a statement of principles agreed upon) • Condemned Aggression • Endorsed National Self Determination • Self Government as a universal right • Collective Security • Opposed forced, undemocratic territorial changes Significance: Became a great statement of Anglo-American Ideals and a precursor to the Post War ideals of the United Nations

47. Selective Service Act Sept. 1940 • TIME • (September 23, 1940) •        Last week Congress passed the conscription bill. This week the President signed it. A new thing had entered U.S. life: although the U.S. had conscripted its citizens in two wars, never before had it conscripted them in peace. Some 16,500.000 men, aged 21 to 36, forthwith became liable to compulsory military service. How, when, whether conscription would actually touch them was prescribed in 1) the bill, and 2) the selective system which the Army & Navy had long since prepared against a martial day. •       The Bill laid down the general philosophy, rules, scope of conscription: •       No more than 900,000 conscripts can be called in any one year (the  Army plans to call 800,000 a year). They will be kept in training for  one year, will then enter an enlisted reserve where they will be subject to recall for emergency service for ten years or until they are 45. They will not be subject to periodic recalls for further training. But if Congress finds the nation in peril before their initial year's  service ends, they can be held under arms indefinitely.

48. Election of 1940 then the Draft • FDR decides to Run for a third term • The Nation Needs emergency situation: • War in Europe • Problems in Asia • Wants to protect New Deal reforms • Ran against Wendell Willkie • FDR Wins- then begins the process • Prepare for War: • Draft • Armament build up

49. FDR Wins Unprecedented 3rd Term

50. Roosevelt’s Four Freedom’s Speech January 1941 • To congress, State of the Union, focus on war preparedness • “…the future of all the American Republics is today in serious danger. • That is why this Annual Message to the Congress is unique in our history. • The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarily-almost exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For all our domestic problems are now a part of the great emergency. • Just as our national policy in internal affairs has been based upon a decent respect for the rights and the dignity of all our fellow men within our gates, so our national policy in foreign affairs has been based on a decent respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, large and small. And the justice of morality must and will win in the end.