Biology Notes Cell Energy Part 3 Pages 639-655

1. Biology NotesCell EnergyPart 3Pages 639-655

2. Standard 3.1 ____ Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes Essential Question: How have the structures and functions of plants enabled them to survive? 1.

3. I.Plants walls photosynthesis Plants = multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms that have cell _____ and carry out ______________ e.g. • eukaryote = cells that have a ________ ferns, everglades, pine trees, flowers, maple trees, fruit trees, etc. nucleus

4. II. Plant Organs water nutrients A. Roots • roots function to absorb _____ and _________ into the plant as well as to anchor the plant in the ____ • in order to function properly, plants need to uptake specific minerals: __, __, __, ___, and ___ • this is why most fertilizers contain __ and __ soil N P K Ca Mg N P

5. increase • root hairs = tiny cellular projections from roots that ________ the surface area of absorption for water and nutrients from the soil

6. roots B. Stems • stems function to transport food and water from _____ to leaves and support branches and leaves

7. light C. Leaves • leaves function to provide a broad, flat surface for _____ absorption

8. center D. Flowers • IF a plant has flowers, it is the reproductive ________ • some flowers are colored brightly to encourage ____________ by insects pollination

9. Parts of a Flower Pistilis the __________ reproductive part which includes the stigma, style, and __________. Stamen is the ________ reproductive part that includes the __________ and filament. female ovary male anther

10. ovary E. Fruits • IF a plant has fruit, it is the mature _______ of that plant

11. ovary F. Cones • IF a plant has cones, it is the female ______ of that plant

12. III. Plant Tissue Systems supports A. Dermal Tissue = tissue that functions as the outer skin of a plant that _________ and protects the plant from the ____________ • the outer surface of epidermal cells found in dermal tissue is covered in a waterproof waxy coat called the _______ environment cuticle

13. water B. Vascular Tissue = specialized tissue divided into subsystems that moves ______ and nutrients throughout the plant • found in the innermost part of the _____ SUBSYSTEMS: 1. Xylem = specialized waterproof vascular tissue that moves ______ in a plant plant water

14. tubes capillary cohesion • composed of long, thin ______ which allow the water to move by ________ action and ________ • What waterproof nutrient would compose the building material of xylem cells? ______ lipids

15. stomata plants • Transpiration = the release of water vapor from _______ through the ________

17. nutrients 2. Phloem = specialized vascular tissue that moves food, minerals, and ________ in a plant

18. dermal vascular C. Ground Tissue = specialized tissue found between _______ and ________ tissues within a plant

19. cells D. Meristimatic Tissue = specialized tissue near the bottom of a plant where new plant ______ are made

20. roots stems mitosis V. Plant Growth A plant grows as more cells are added to the _____ and ______ of a plant through the process of ________(cell division). • Cambium- a tissue layer that provides undifferentiated _______ for plant growth. Found in the area between _____ and ______. • Similar to __________ in humans. cells xylem phloem stem cells

23. V. Leaf Structure & Photosynthesis The overall function of a leaf is to perform photosynthesis and provide the plant with needed nutrients. The structure of a plant enables it to perform this task: • blade = the broad, flat section of the ____ that collects sunlight • petiole = the thin stalk that connects the ______ to the ______ leaf blade stem

24. seeds embryo • seed = IF a plant produces _______, the overall purpose is to protect the _________

25. cuticle A. Components of the Leaf 1. Upper Epidermis – the upper outer layer of the leaf which can sometimes be coated with a waxy _______ used to protect the leaf

26. parenchyma photosynthesis 2. Mesophyll = specialized ground tissue within the leaf composed mainly of ____________ cells and the main site of _______________ • palisade mesophyll = tightly packed mesophyll that mainly absorbs _____ • spongy mesophyll = loosely packed tissue with mainly ____ spaces that connect to the outer part of the leaf 3. Vascular Tissue light air (xylem & phloem)

28. CO2 4. Lower Epidermis – the under outer layer of the leaf composed of epidermal cells and stomata • stomata = pore like openings on the underside of the leaf which allow ____ into the leaf and _______ out of the leaf • guard cells = specialized cells that surround the stomata or stoma • when guard cells are open during the day _______________ can take place • when guard cells are closed at night, _______________ cannot take place oxygen photosynthesis photosynthesis