Hawk Hook 1/25

1. Hawk Hook 1/25 • Have answers ready for Question 7. • Get ready for the Human Geography in Action. Sit with 1 or AT MOST 2 partners • Log onto the internet using FireFox (on the student menu) • Search: Human Geography in Action • Make the 1st Choice: “Wiley:…4th Edition” • Follow the link to the Student Companion site under “Students” on the right side of the screen • Follow the link to the Computerized Chapter Activities on the left • Press “8.1. Agriculture…” • Once there Wait for everyone! • For the Ones Marked YOU MUST record a fact about that type of agriculture from the reading in the exercise. • This will be a major assignment grade (AKA a grade booster for

2. Economic Geography: Introduction

3. Types of Jobs Available • 3 Categories of jobs • Primary: Agricultural positions • Secondary: Manufacturing Industries • Tertiary: Services (3 types)

4. Primary Sector • Directly extract materials from the Earth • Includes agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry • Securing Food # 1 priority for people • > 60% of pop in LDC’s • What would the physiological and agricultural densities of these countries look like? • What does this indicate about how people spend their time? • < 5% of pop in MDC’s • What would the physiological and agricultural densities of these countries look like? • What does this indicate about how people spend their time?

5. Secondary Sector • Manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into products • Decline in Secondary sector jobs in MDC’s • Result of Increased technology (not as many people necessary to do a job) • Result of Globalization of the Economy • Transnational Corporations: Produce in countries with lower wages and unionization

6. Tertiary Sector • Providing goods and services to people in exchange for money • Increase in MDC’s • Result of increased demand due to rising standard of living • 3 Types • Unskilled: Retail clerks and low ranking managers, restaurant employees • Quaternary: intellectual/professional services : government, education, libraries, scientific research, information technology, high ranking managers • Quinary Sector - top officials within quaternary sector : Examples would be President/Congressman for government or university professors for education, CEOs of companies

7. Agriculture and Rural Land Use Its Development, Diffusion, and Cultural and Environmental Effects

8. Hawk Hook 1/30 • Summarize the 3 main sectors of the economy. Include the following: • What types of jobs are held within each sector • Whether they are more prevalent in the Core or Periphery

9. Why is this significant? • Agriculture fundamental foundation of civilization • The most common person in the world is an Asian Farmer who produces just enough food to survive with little to no surplus • Contrasts American way of life: Business of Farming (Agricultural products consumed by more than just the farmer) • Contrast in agricultural practices is one of the fundamental differences between MDC’s and LDC’s…

10. Origins of agriculture

11. Hunting and Gathering • Before agriculture • Small societies that moved frequently based on movement of game and seasonal growth of plants • 250,000 people still live this way today • South America, Arctic, Africa, Australia • Isolated on the periphery of world settlements

12. Agriculture: A Great Accident • Began as an accident • Accidentally dropped food scraps • Noticed new plants grew • Continued through Experimentation

13. Agricultural hearths

14. 1st Vegetative Planting • Geographer Carl Sauer found that Vegetative Planting: • Earliest form of plant cultivation • Means: reproducing plants by dividing an already existing plant and transplanting the piece

15. 1st Vegetative Planting • First Hearth: South East Asia • What climate do they have? • Conducive to wide variety of plants • What do you believe their main source of food was? How did this practice help encourage agricultural development? • First to domesticate dogs, pigs, and chickens • Other Hearths: • Northwestern South America • West Africa

16. 2nd Seed Agriculture • Carl Sauer found that • Means: Reproduction through annual planting of seeds • 3 hearths in Eastern Hemisphere: Western India, Northern China, and Ethiopia • From India to SW Asia: Integration of plants and Animals ~ fundamental to modern agriculture • SW Asia: wheat and barley agriculture begins) • Domestication of cattle, sheep and goats (draft animals)

17. Seed Agriculture • 2 Hearths in Western Hemisphere: • Southern Mexico: squash and maize (corn) • Peru: beans and potatoes • Animals: llama, alpaca, turkey

18. Commercial and Subsistence Agriculture

19. LDC’s versus MDC’s • Subsistence Agriculture in LDCs • Commercial Agriculture in MDCs • 5 features distinguishing these 2 • Purpose of Farming • % of farmers in the labor force • Use of Machinery • Farm size • Relationship of farming to other businesses

20. Purpose of Farming LDC: Subsistence MDC: Commercial Raise animals or grow crops for sale off the farm Not much direct sale to consumers • Produce food for your own consumption

21. Critical Thinking • How do you believe the Industrial Revolution impacted farming?

22. % of Farmers in the Labor Force LDCs Subsistence MDCs Commercial 1/10th of workers farm Agricultural density? • ½ of workers farm • Agricultural density?

23. Use of Machinery LDCs Subsistence MDCs Commercial High Tech machines allow fewer people to do the work Scientifically modified crops How these advances help with quality and quantity? • Human and animal labor

24. Relationship of Farming to other Businesses • MDCs: Commercial • Creates agribusiness (food production industry that controls EVERY stage of production from farm to shelf) • Processing, packaging, storing, distributing, retailing food products • Uses modern technologies to track prices, yields, and expenditures (videos)

25. Farm Size MDCs Commercial Mechanization allowed for large farms US Example: 98% Family Owned and operated 1.4% of US Farms account for 48% of agricultural sales Fewer farmers today but more farmland than previously Why? Prime Agricultural Land disappearing (reading) Why?

26. Hawk Hook 2/4 In complete sentences explain the different agricultural techniques employed by MDCs and LDCs in terms of purpose of agriculture, mechanization, and the size of their farms.

27. DerwentWhittlesey’s map of Agricultural Regions Climate and Agriculture

28. Overview • Identifies 11 agricultural regions • Regions sorted mostly by climate • Why would this make sense? • Why must you be leery of placing too much emphasis on climate? What else may influence agricultural practices?

29. Shifting Cultivation Agricultural regions in the ldcs

30. Climatic Relationship • Tropical, Humid, Low-Latitude Climates • Amazon of South America, Central and West Africa, and parts of SE Asia

31. Characteristics • Use Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: clear land by slashing vegetation than burning it • Land called swidden or milpa • Grow on cleared land for a few years, stripping it of resources, then letting it lay fallow for years to recover

32. Characteristics • Grow variety of crops. Why? • More land used for this purpose than any other type of agriculture but only 5% of population engages in this type • “Inefficient” Can only support small population without environmental destruction

33. Characteristics of People • Live in small villages • Farmland controlled by village • Each family allocated part of communal land (now some own land) • If field doesn’t produce enough food, few people move and create their own settlement

34. Future of Shifting Cultivation • Tropical Rainforests disappearing • Shifting Cultivation replaced by logging, cattle ranching, and cash crops

35. Shifting Cultivation and the Environment • What could be some advantages and disadvantages to ending shifting cultivation? • Advantage: other forms of agriculture yield more per land area, enabling more people to be fed • Disadvantages: Other forms damage soil permanently in tropics • What are some problems with destroying the rainforest: • global warming, destruction of folk culture surrounding agricultural practices

36. PASTORAL NOMADISM Agricultural regions in the ldcs

37. Climatic Relationship • Mostly found in Arid and Semiarid land • Why? • Much of North Africa, Middle East, and Central Asia • Ex. Bedouins of Middle East and Masai of East Africa

38. Characteristics • Subsistence agriculture based on herding animals • Migrate depending on availability of water and food for herd and people • Transhumance: seasonal _____________ between mountains and lowland pastures • Territoriality: migrate only within own piece of land unless declaring war

39. Characteristics • Still eat primarily grain • Size of herd: symbol of power and security in a harsh environment • Type of animal dependent on environment • Together with Shifting Cultivation occupies the largest percentage of the world’s land area

40. Future of Pastoral Nomadism • Fighting control by national governments • Forced into confined areas due to desire of their lands (petroleum, mining, etc) • Nomadic lands smaller and smaller towards lands with little to no resources or irrigation capabilities

41. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Agricultural regions in the ldcs

42. Characteristics • Agriculture that intensely makes use of almost every parcel of arable land to feed the large population of E, S, and SE Asia • Where environmentally possible practice Double Cropping: rice in the rainy, warm, summers; Wheat or Barley in cool, dry winter

43. Characteristics • VERY High agricultural densities • Cultural practices enable them to sustain on a very small piece of land • 2 Types Dependent on Environment • Wet Rice Dominant • Wet Rice Not Dominant

44. Wet Rice Dominant • Growing rice in a dry nursery before transplanting into a flooded field: sawah • Use of plow and animal power: distinguishes this from shifting cultivation • Harvested by hand • Clustered in coastal areas of India and SE Asia due to low land and abundant water

45. Wet Rice Not Dominant • Wheat most important crop • In places with low summer precipitation and harsh winters (interior India, NE China) • Produces additional harvests through crop rotation: rotating to a different crop each year to ensure good soil quality every year

46. Plantations Agricultural regions in the ldcs

47. Characteristics • Large farm specializing in one or two crops • Commercial Agriculture in the LDCs sold to MDCs (usually Latin America, Asia, Africa) • Owned by Europeans or North Americans • Worked by imported labor that lives on site • Tropics and Subtropics

48. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming Agricultural regions in the MDCs

49. Characteristics • Integrates Livestock and crops • Crops raised to feed animals mostly not people • Animals fertilize crops • Provides Year Long Income: crops in harvest times, animal products year round • Uses system of Crop Rotation

50. Characteristics • Found in: • US ~ From the Appalachian Mts to middle of country • Most important region ~ Corn Belt: Ohio to Iowa (oil, ethanol, food products, and food for animals) [video-farm subsidies ] • How are farm subsidies affecting the US? • Europe ~ from France to Russia