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Chapter 3 Section 2 Igneous Rocks

Chapter 3 Section 2 Igneous Rocks. From the core of the continents to nearly all of the oceanic crust—igneous is everywhere!. IGNEOUS ROCKS. magma lava. “fire” rocks. cooling. andesite. pumice. Formed from cooled/hardened _________ or ______

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Chapter 3 Section 2 Igneous Rocks

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  1. Chapter 3 Section 2 Igneous Rocks From the core of the continents to nearly all of the oceanic crust—igneous is everywhere!

  2. IGNEOUS ROCKS magma lava “fire” rocks cooling andesite pumice Formed from cooled/hardened _________ or ______ Are called _______________ [ignis Latinfire] The rate of __________ determines the size of the mineral’s crystals. basalt

  3. INtrusive: below groundcools slower many many &large crystals Ex: granite, gabbro

  4. Intrusive Igneous • Visible due to erosion & weathering • Magma= mainly silicon & oxygen • Gases: water vapor (gases trapped) • Magma less dense than surrounding rock moves towards surface & cools • Elements combine minerals form & ‘grow’ crystals! • Example: • Granite • Cumberlandite

  5. Intrusive Igneous: Cumberlandite • Only found in Cumberland, RI (official state rock) • 4-acre lot in Blackstone Valley (Iron Mine Hill) & trace amts. Narr. Bay • Dense & prone to rust (iron  magnetic); titanium, transitions to peridotite (intr. coarse ign.) • Formed 1.5 bya  volcanic activity • Valuable  cannon and farm tools 18th/19th cent.

  6. Obsidian EXtrusive: above groundcools quicker f e w &small crystals Air bubbles are sometimes trapped (pumice, scoria) Basalt

  7. Extrusive Igneous Basalt • Magma = below ground// Lava= above ground • Lava most gases escaped • Lava hardens extrusive igneous rock • Extruded onto surface • Example: Rhyolite, Basalt

  8. Classifying Igneous Rocks • Classification based on two major characteristics: • Texture: appearance based on size, shape & arrangement of crystals • Composition: proportions of light and dark minerals

  9. Classification: Texture • Coarse-grained: slow cooling large crystals • Allows charged atoms (ions) to move large distances within magma & link together (crystallize) • Fine-grained: rapidcooling  small crystals • Ions lose motion and quickly combine; all compete for available ions • Glassy: lava on surface little time for ions to crystallize randomly distributed  glassy appearance (tiny crystals) • Porphyritic: different-sized minerals experience different rates of cooling • Large crystals (phenocrysts) may be surrounded by fine grained minerals • Minerals don’t crystallize @ same rate (location and melting point.)

  10. Classification: Composition • Granitic: light-colored silicates (quartz & feldspar) • 70 % silica • 10 % dark silicate minerals (i.e. biotite mica, amphibole) • Major component of continental crust • Ex: rhyolite = extrusive granitic rock • Basaltic: contain many dark silicate materials (plagioclase feldspar) • Rich in magnesium and iron • Iron  darker and denser than granitic rocks • Ex: gabbro = intrusive basaltic rock • Andesitic: composition between granitic and basaltic • Volcanic rock = andesite: • At least 25 % dark silicates (amphibole, pyroxene, biotitemica) • Dominant mineral plagioclase feldspar :type of feldspar dark w/ridges (striations) • Ultramafic: composed almost entirely of dark silicate minerals • Rare @ Earth’s surface • Ex: peridotite—upper mantle composition

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