Industry’s Obligation for Mission Success

1. Industry’s Obligationfor Mission Success 19th AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Conference Dr. Alex Liang General Manager, Vehicle Systems Division Vehicle Systems Division February 10, 2009

2. Outline Perspective on Space A National Security Space View Point National Security Space Needs Commitment to Enhancing Mission Success Collective “Obligations”

3. Perspective on Space Space Pervades Every Aspect of our Nation Commercial and Civil Applications: Enhances/Enables American Way of Life Homeland Security National Defense

4. Perspective (cont.) Space Underpins Elements of Our National Economy Weather Finance Precision Farming Broadcasting Precision Navigation DigitalGlobe Science Aviation Communications Remote Sensing Package Tracking In Space Industrial Base Spacecraft Satellite Launchers Ground Equipment

5. SpaceEnhances Homeland Security Border and Transportation Security Boston, DigitalGlobe Athens, DigitalGlobe Emergency Preparation and Response Special Event Protection HAZMAT Tracking Missile Warning and Defense

6. A National Security Space Viewpoint Commercial space is a derivative of National Security Space World satellite industry revenue has grown an average of 13% every year since 1996 (US revenue over $40B) In contrast, budget for National Security Space will likely remain flat for coming years Increasing budget will remain an uphill battle The American public ranks engineer as the 10th most prestigious profession (below priesthood, but above lawyers and Members of Congress) 100% success for each new mission is paramount For National Security and preservation of the American way of life

7. Capabilities Required for National Security Space • Space Vehicle • Pre-acquired/storable • Rapid mating • Consumables loading • Built in test ground, on-orbit • Launch Vehicle • Streamlined countdown • Built in test • Storable propellants • Horizontal integration • Performance margin • Mission planning • Range • Range safety • Standard interfaces and telemetry • Flight termination system • Precision weather • Users • CONOPS • Train/exercise • Seamless task, post, • process, use • C2 • Network connectivity Enhancements in all segments are required

8. Commitment to Mission SuccessAn Aerospace Perspective Focus on mission success by Ensuring the application of engineering “best practices,”“lessons learned” in all phases of the system acquisition process Providing the world class technical capabilities for System architecture assessment Concept development Engineering analyses, simulation, diagnostics

9. DOD Life Cycle Acquisition Process A B C Concept Refinement TechnologyDevelopment System Development& Demonstration Production & Deployment Operations& Support System Life Cycle Acquisition Process Combat Developer Materiel Developer PM - Total Life Cycle Systems Manager Air Force Materiel Command Acquisition Framework Less Ability to Influence LCC (85% of Cost Decisions Made) High Ability to Influence LCC (70-75% of Cost Decisions Made) Little Ability to Influence LCC (90-95% of Cost Decisions Made) Minimum Ability to Influence LCC(95% of Cost Decisions Made) (10-15%) (5-10%) 28% Life Cycle Cost 72% Life Cycle Cost Points A, B, and C at the top of the figure represent Milestones A, B, and C. LCC, life cycle cost. Figure S-1, Page 2, Pre-Milestone A and Early-Phase Systems Engineering SOURCE: Richard Andrews, 2003, An Overview of Acquisition Logistics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Acquisition University

10. Approach: Through all phases of acquisition, the applicable analytical, simulation and experimental capabilities are fully utilized to enhance eventual mission success Inclusive of all cognizant technical disciplines Encompasses every launch vehicle, every DOD satellite Fundamental Role in Mission Success • RFI and Proposal Evaluation • SPEC & STD (e.g.1540E) • System performance • Feasibilities, technology check • SDR/PDR • Independent validations of intended designs • CDR • Independent validation ofdesigns and performance at component/box,subsystemand system levels • Follow-up with pedigree, acceptance monitoring • Post CDR/LRR • Anomaly resolutions • Deviation dispositions • Testing compliance (thermal vac, vib/modal survey, acoustics at all levels) • Flight software validation • On-orbit Support • Real time deployments • Anomaly workarounds • Post Flight • Performance eval, model validations • Anomaly investigations (if applicable)

11. Engineering visualization Trajectory and orbit optimization Guidance systems Flight controls and avionics Launch range safety Electronics Mechanical systems Vibration/dynamic environments Example of Core Technical Disciplines • Structures • Propulsion systems • Aerodynamics • Thermal modeling • Explosives/ordnance • Satellite on-orbit control, support and pointing • Applications . . . and MANY more!

12. Multi-Burn Orbit Transfer Optimization Capabilities Multi-burn trajectory simulation State of the art optimization Detailed dynamics modeling Flexible architecture Applications Real time missionsupport Mission design(WGS, AEHFSBIRS-HI, NRO) Spacecraft orbitmaneuvers Upper stagesimulation 8 Burn WGS Orbit Transfer

13. Guidance Optimization Objectives Validate that requirementswill be met Mission design Flight software • Approach • 3DOF/6DOF simulation analyses • Mission specific data base • Autopilot performance/stability analyses • 3-sigma dispersion/margin analyses • Interagency comparisons • Payoff • High launch reliability – strong knowledge base • High confidence for day-of-launch

14. Avionics Risk Assessment Objectives Hardware-in-the-loop simulations provide stress tests: Guidance and navigation control Sequencing and redundancy Spacecraft pointing Payoff Certified tools for launch and on-orbit operations Preparedness for anomalies Position Magnitude From launch through on-orbit life Vehicle readiness Day-of-launch Operations Flight computer

15. Dynamic Environmental Testing Capabilities Verify design and test requirements Derive acoustic, vibration, and shock environments Development testing Qualification testing Acceptance testing Hardware buyoff Acoustic testing for engine burn and transonic flight Design requirements due to launch and on-orbit events Titan IV Launch Tower View – T-0 Umbilical Detachment (VIDEO) Vibration testing for structure borne vibration Impulse testing for separation shock

16. Space Structures Capabilities Design and qualification Spacecraft structures Subsystem supports Opto-mechanical structures Deployable structures Finite element analyses Strength and stiffness Thermal distortion and stability Test program development Configuration Goals and requirements Load case development Technology assessments Roadmap development Flight/ground demonstrations Conceptual design DMSP Finite Element Model Deployable Optics Test Bed Concept

17. Example Loads Events: Atmospheric Flight Static-aeroelastic Due to relative wind and non-zero angle of attack, which varies slowly relative to the fundamental mode frequency of the LV Gust/Turbulence Rapid changes in winds cause changes in local angle of attack Buffet Due to local turbulence and shocks Autopilot-induced Maneuvering/steering Autopilot noise Mechanical noise (engine gimbal friction) Other contributors considered in analyses Lack of wind persistence Dispersions RelativeWind Buffet (Shocks) AerodynamicLoad Thrust

18. Liquid Propulsion Launch support capabilities Engine performance analysis Ground test Flight readiness Real-time telemetry Post flight review Anomaly resolution Hardware evaluation Test planning/analysis Component/system modeling Rocketdyne Linear Aerospike Engine Atlas IIAS AC-160 Centaur Separation and RL10 Ignition • Additional roles • Technology planning • Design review • Risk assessment • Propulsion system trade studies • Advanced propulsion technologies • Pressurization analysis

19. External Aerodynamics Objectives Predict distributed pressure and velocity trends over the vehicle Compartment venting Aero heating Predict forces and moments Performance and control Accomplishments Reversed flow and cross flow identified on Delta IV vehicles Heating implications addressed Wake discovered from nose of NASA WB-57F aircraft Nose redesigned to accommodate flight sensorand imaging payload Reversed Flow, Mach 2.5 Detailed above

20. Separation Analysis and Testing Capabilities Rigid body separation Flexible body separation Effect of complex interactions Mechanical Nonlinearities Gas dynamics Test planning and data analysis • Use • Separation velocities andtip-off rates predictions • Separation clearances • Effect of separation anomalies • Component loads • Effect of separation dispersions • Separation test criteria • Tools • Separation analysis tools • Rigid body • Flexible body • Data visualization and analysis • Classified and unclassified analysis environments

21. Satellite Attitude Control Motivation Response to string of failures in 70’s Detailed dynamics and controller models Validate dynamic performance All modes, transitions, contingencies Scientific and hardware-in-the-loop simulation Evolution to 1990’s Early involvement, work with contractor Address high-payoff issues Solar Panel Deployment and Earth Positioning (VIDEO) • Payoffs • Identification of unanticipated problems • Tools/knowledge base for anomaly resolution/flight support • Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for flight software patch validation • Significant impact on every program

22. Satellite On-Orbit Support Objectives: Risk assessment for continuing use of DSCS III satellites Refine fuel estimate to describe the remaining life prior to the super-synchronous disposal Ensure adherence to US space policy regarding disposal Accomplishments: Statistical estimation method developed Current estimation techniques refined Statistical method used to combine two independent estimates yielding a higher accuracy prediction Allowed for the prolonged use of two existing satellites

23. GPS Applications Objectives Improve navigation/guidance system performance Optimal control/filtering/signal processing Innovative use of GPS GPS Receiver • Current projects • Ultra-tightly coupled receiver(high anti-jam potential • Launch range metric tracking (retirement of range-safety radars) • GPS based spin sensor/attitude sensor • GPS anti-spoofing and multi-path detection/correction (neural networks) Reference GPS Receiver Trajectory Solution Kalman Filter

24. Aerospace Avionics Centers Objective Validate adequacy of flight software implementation into flight hardware • Products • Software risk assessment • Mission readiness certification • Day-of-launch systems development • Vehicle dynamics and systems simulations Flight Equivalent Computer Modular Simulation Environments • Real-Time Center(Spacecraft) • GPS, DSCS, Milstar, etc. • Avionics Center(Launch Vehicles) • Delta IV, Atlas V, Titan IV, etc.

25. Summary Success of each mission is crucial to national defense and American way of life The industry, The Aerospace Corporation in particular, has an obligation to focus on mission success Best practices Lessons learned Advanced tools, and technology Challenges remain Improved performance/service Lower life cycle cost

26. Industry’s Obligationfor Mission Success 19th AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Conference Dr. Alex Liang General Manager, Vehicle Systems Division Vehicle Systems Division February 10, 2009 Alexander.c.liang@aero.org 310.336.4388