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Welcome to the Society for Christian Psychology

Welcome to the Society for Christian Psychology. The Five Domains: A Christian Psychology Model for Counseling . Timothy A. Sisemore, PhD Psychological Studies Institute Chattanooga, TN. The Five Domains Model: Overview . Elements of a counseling model A Christian Psychology Model

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Welcome to the Society for Christian Psychology

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  1. Welcome to theSociety for Christian Psychology

  2. The Five Domains:A Christian Psychology Model for Counseling Timothy A. Sisemore, PhD Psychological Studies Institute Chattanooga, TN

  3. The Five Domains Model:Overview • Elements of a counseling model • A Christian Psychology Model • Practical Applications • Spiritual Change Processes • Behavioral Change Processes • Cognitive Change Processes • Emotional Change Processes • Interpersonal Change Processes • Case Formulation and Treatment Planning • Illustrative Case Study

  4. 1- Elements of a Counseling Model • Epistemology • Nature of persons • Nature of health • Nature of pathology • Nature of treatment of that pathology

  5. From Elements to a Model • I propose that these elements are fairly universal in ALL counseling models • Yet, parts are often implicit or not carefully worked out • I’ll use these to develop a Christian Psychology Model • And try to point out how this may differ from an integration model

  6. 2- A Christian Psychology Modelfor Counseling

  7. 2a-Epistemology:What is Epistemology? • The study of the origin, or source, of knowledge.

  8. Why is Epistemology Important? • How do you KNOW about the nature of persons? • How do you KNOW about what problems really are? • How do you KNOW what the goals of counseling are? • How do you KNOW what techniques might help? • How do you KNOW if these techniques are effective or appropriate for Christians?

  9. A Brief History of Epistemology • Premodern: knowing mostly considered as “spiritual” • Plato, e.g., thought true forms supernatural, we see shadows • Christian epistemology pointed to revelation • Modern: scientific knowing • Postmodern: no “objective” knowledge • We’ll use premodern views to look at the latter two

  10. How do we know…About God? • What He has SAID about himself: • Special Revelation • What He has DONE in history and creation: • General Revelation

  11. 1. REVELATION • 2 Timothy 3:16 tells us Scripture is profitable • Tells us about God, human nature, and the human condition. This is AUTHORITATIVE. • Yet, because we are sinful, we are fallible in interpreting this Truth. • How complete is the Bible as a counseling manual? • Biblical counseling says completely • Christian psychology says it provides structure and some interventions, though general rev helps, too

  12. How do we know about nature?2. RESEARCH • Nature reveals God (general revelation) • Yet, our sinfulness affects how we understand nature • Science attempts to transcend our subjectivity • EMPIRICAL science: only that which is observable and measurable can be known

  13. RESEARCH, continued • Research is DESCRIPTIVE, not PRESCRIPTIVE • It is imprecise: .05 confidence level • We need to judge good from poor science • Something many Christian counselors don’t do well!

  14. How do we know other things?3. REASON • Reason is rooted in the imago Dei which we’ll discuss later • It is how empirical science “makes sense” • Seen in laws of logic, e.g. noncontradiction • Still, our reasoning perverted by the Fall • Especially these days when logic not taught much • Logic uses the Bible (theology) and research data to formulate theory

  15. Epistemology in OurChristian Psychology Model • Knowledge from special AND general revelation helpful • Biblical counselors may disagree with general • Special revelation holds priority and trumps knowledge from general revelation • Integrationists largely agree to this point • But info from secular psychology cannot address vital issues like the nature of persons • Thus, the language and theories of psychology are inadequate as the basis for a counseling model • Here we may leave many integrationists behind

  16. Issues in Counseling • ONLY theology can tell us about human nature and the plight of persons. • Psychology can tell some specifics about persons…but misses things like SIN • Psychology can tell NORMAL, but not RIGHT, or even HEALTHY • Technologies of psychology must be critiqued by our Christian worldview

  17. Areas Where Theology Must Have Priority • What are persons like BEFORE GOD? • What is health? • Goals of life • Proper behavior (vs. “norms”) • Spiritual dimension of problems • How do persons change? • Therapist’s boundaries (e.g. challenging v. passively accepting sin) • Here our model is more dependent on theology than many (most?) integration models

  18. 2b- The Nature of Persons

  19. Problems with Persons in Psychology • Psychological research is built on a-theism • Psychological theory may concede “spirituality”, but not a true God who acts • Persons more often evolution’s climax, not related to God • Thus, a Christian Psychology model makes biblical anthropology as foundational

  20. Creation of man the climax of creation Not “let there be” but “let us make” Made in God’s image Made vice-regent over creation Has life breathed into him by God (Gen 2:7) Can comprehend God and His Law Possesses a conscience Has rational speech God covenants with us Humans the Climax of Creation

  21. Seen in Gen. 1:26 The reason we treat each other well Gen. 9:6 Jas. 3:9 What exactly is it? Many theories I prefer the “restoration hermeneutic”: Eph. 4:21-24 Col. 3:10 Yields knowledge and righteousness as key One is toward God, the other toward man Thus fits the Great Commandment The Imago Dei

  22. Relevance of the Imago to Counseling • The image of God is why we value others • Our “drives” explained spiritually (cp. Augustine’s comment) • Relatedness to others is vital to health • Loss of these relationships key to problems • Loss leads to “defenses” as in the Garden • We are moral creatures • Counseling to direct us toward relationship with God and others • BUT SIN ENTERED THE WORLD!!!

  23. Sin and Its Relation to Counseling

  24. Sin Enters Paradise • We assume if no sin, no psychological problems • But Adam and Eve DO sin • The world is changed dramatically until the Lord returns

  25. Loss of innocence Enter TRUE guilt And FALSE guilt Image of God distorted Self-focus replaces pure community Fellowship lost Lonely, restless hearts result Environment cursed Romans 8:20-22 Man and woman punished Now Adam and Eve bring forth after their OWN kind Genesis 5:3 We now need divine grace Seven Effects of the Fall

  26. Original Sin • Three moral choices for persons: • Born good (Carl Rogers, etc.) • Born neutral (behaviorists, etc.) • Born sinful (the historic Christian belief) • Yet many Christians today disagree, so this is more controversial than it used to be.

  27. Not that sin is so popular…

  28. Original Sin • Definition: The inborn sinful nature that underlies all particular sins, inclining us to wrong so that none is righteous. • We are NOT free NOT to sin • Particular sins emerge from the sinful nature • And we live in a sinful world (recall McMinn)

  29. Genesis 6:5-6; 8:21 Psalm 14:1-3 Psalm 51:5 Psalm 58:3 Psalm 130:3 Ecclesiastes 7:20 Ecclesiastes 9:23 Jeremiah 17:9 John 5:42 Romans 1:29-32 Ephesians 2:1-3 Matthew 7:18 John 6:44,65 1 Corinthians 2:14 Scriptural Basis for Original Sin

  30. Implications for Christian Counselors • People have a propensity toward sin • Inherently self-seeking • Want their own way, yet want relationship • Psychological theories which claiming we are morally good or neutral don’t stand the test of Scripture • Fallen persons can twist the reason of the image of God to defend their sin • Mental illness and psychological distress enter the world

  31. Sin causes, or leads to, pain… • Idiopathic • Inflicted • Inherited • Polypathic • Including relationship pain, conflict, and longing • We need a Savior!

  32. Our Model Views Persons… • As important given they bear God’s image, albeit distorted • Made to be in relation to God and each other • Inherently sinful • In need of a Savior • Experience pain • These, not psychological theory, best explain the human condition • Integration models may agree, but in practice draw too heavily from psychological descriptions of humans

  33. A Brief Commercial • This theological anthropology ideally would form the basis of a Christian personality theory • This is the most conspicuous missing piece in my model and in Christian psychology and integration in general • What follows offers some possible pieces • But a thorough one needed • Are you game????

  34. 2c- The Nature of Health

  35. The Nature of Health • Must understand the basic drives of humans and how they are designed to function • Found in relationship with the Creator • Spiritual health escapes the unbeliever • Yet may find relative health in more successful coping • Community part of health • Problems are not surprising

  36. What Motivates Us? The Pursuit of Pleasure… • Basic motivation: To maximize pleasure “pleasure” (properly defined) and to minimize (not avoid) pain. • Yet needs biblical, theological, and psychological support

  37. (1) Biblical Support • Joy in our faith: Ps 37:4 “Delight yourself in the Lord, and he will give you the desires of your heart.” • Also Ps 36:8; 42:1-2; 63:1

  38. Acts of mercy: Rom. 12:8 Loving mercy: Micah 6:8 Suffering loss with joy: Heb. 10:34 Giving: 2 Cor. 9:7 Joying in the joy of others: 2 Cor. 2:3 Serving others eagerly: 1 Peter 5:2 Watching over our own souls: Heb. 13:17 Joy in the “work” of being Christian

  39. (2) Theological Support • Augustine’s “restless heart” • Pascal: “All men seek happiness” • CS Lewis: “We are far too easily pleased” • Edwards: Joy in God the key to religious affections • Piper: “glorify God by enjoying Him forever” • Moon: “Homesick for Eden”

  40. (3) Psychological Support:Seligman’s “Authentic Happiness” • Mistakes in modern understanding of happiness • Gratifications over pleasures • Using strengths to rise to occasion and meet challenge

  41. Uses six core virtues Wisdom Courage Love and intimacy Justice Temperance Spirituality See authentichappiness.org Attachment…to God Rich social life Positive feelings over negative, or aversive, feelings Gratification…

  42. Gratifications are broadly defined…

  43. So, for our purposes… • Assume people seek things they believe will make them happy • This partly instinctual, largely learned… • From parents • Culture • Those around us • Frustrations or hindrances lead to pain • As do false ideas of happiness • These all stem from sin in the world

  44. This Raises a Vital Question • Is all “pain” a problem? Pathological? • Secular theories give little place to suffering • Yet, Scripture sees it as integral and beneficial to the Christian life

  45. The Place of Suffering in Life • Types: persecution, sickness, accident • Key: using them to show our faith in God, not letting Satan use them to destroy faith • This is in contrast to the idea the being a Christian means no suffering! • And the frequent counseling mistake of trying to eliminate suffering at all costs

  46. The Place of Suffering in Life - 2 • We’re called to lead a life of sacrifice and loss that looks silly if there is no resurrection (e.g 1 Cor 15:29-31) • If Christlikeness is the ultimate joy, then suffering has meaning in pursuit of the goal and thus is healthy • We share in His sufferings • Are changed into His likeness • Suffering is thus meaningful and healthy • Just like the “pain” of working out promotes physical health

  47. Suffering Can Yield Benefits

  48. Suffering in Counseling • Don’t be too quick to try to stop all suffering • May need the counselee to see false ideas of the Christian life in this area • Consider if it can be alleviated and what that would mean • If not, show how can develop character and hope (Rom 5:3-5) • Happiness is integrating suffering into the meaning of our lives, not simply avoiding it because we are into instant gratification

  49. 2d- Nature of Pathology • Idiopathic pain • Inflicted pain • Inherited pain • Polypathic pain • But not all pain is pathological

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