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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Neurons and Glial Cells The Nervous System How Neurons Communicate The Nervous System The Central Nervous System ] The Peripheral Nervous System The Nervous System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Nervous System Disorders The Nervous System(continued) ] The Nervous System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. The Nervous System > Neurons and Glial Cells Neurons and Glial Cells • Neurons and Glial Cells • Neurons • Glia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-nervous-system-35/neurons-and-glial-cells-199/

  7. The Nervous System > How Neurons Communicate How Neurons Communicate • Nerve Impulse Transmission within a Neuron: Resting Potential • Nerve Impulse Transmission within a Neuron: Action Potential • Synaptic Transmission • Signal Summation • Synaptic Plasticity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-nervous-system-35/how-neurons-communicate-200/

  8. The Nervous System > The Nervous System The Nervous System • The Nervous System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-nervous-system-35/the-nervous-system-201/

  9. The Nervous System > The Central Nervous System The Central Nervous System • Brain: Cerebral Cortex and Brain Lobes • Brain: Midbrain and Brain Stem • Spinal Cord Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-nervous-system-35/the-central-nervous-system-202/

  10. The Nervous System > The Peripheral Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System • Sensory-Somatic Nervous System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-nervous-system-35/the-peripheral-nervous-system-203/

  11. The Nervous System > Nervous System Disorders Nervous System Disorders • Neurodegenerative Disorders • Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism and ADHD • Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Mental Illnesses • Other Neurological Disorders Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-nervous-system-35/nervous-system-disorders-204/

  12. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. The Nervous System Key terms • acetylcholinea neurotransmitter in humans and other animals, which is an ester of acetic acid and choline • acetylcholinea neurotransmitter in humans and other animals, which is an ester of acetic acid and choline • action potentiala short term change in the electrical potential that travels along a cell • Alzheimer’s diseasea disorder involving loss of mental functions resulting from brain tissue changes; senile dementia • astrocytea neuroglial cell, in the shape of a star, in the brain • attention deficit hyperactivity disordera developmental disorder in which a person has a persistent pattern of impulsiveness and inattention, with or without a component of hyperactivity • autismdisorder observed in early childhood with symptoms of abnormal self-absorption, characterised by lack of response to other humans and a limited ability or disinclination to communicate and socialize • autonomic nervous systemthe part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary activity of the heart, intestines and glands • axonlong slender projection of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, and organs • axonlong slender projection of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, and organs • axon hillockthe specialized part of the soma of a neuron that is connected to the axon and where impulses are added together • central nervous systemin vertebrates, that part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. The Nervous System • cerebrospinal fluida clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space in the brain (between the skull and the cerebral cortex), and which acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex • cingulate gyrusa section of the cerebral cortex, belonging to the fornicate gyrus, which arches over the corpus callosum • comorbiditythe presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder • corpus callosumin mammals, a broad band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain • cranial nerveany of the twelve paired nerves that originate from the brainstem instead of the spinal cord • dementiaa progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain beyond what might be expected from normal aging • dendritebranched projections of a neuron that conduct the impulses received from other neural cells to the cell body • depolarizationa decrease in the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the neuron • depressionin psychotherapy and psychiatry, a period of unhappiness or low morale which lasts longer than several weeks and may include ideation of self-inflicted injury or suicide • dopaminea neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention, learning, and the brain's pleasure and reward system • endocrine systema control system of ductless glands that secrete hormones which circulate via the bloodstream to affect cells within specific organs • epilepsya medical condition in which the sufferer experiences seizures (or convulsions) and blackouts Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. The Nervous System • fragile X syndromea particular, genetic syndrome, caused by the excessive repetition of a particular trinucleotide • glial cellcell in the nervous system that supports and protects neurons • grey mattera collection of cell bodies and (usually) dendritic connections, in contrast to white matter • gyrusa ridge or fold on the cerebral cortex • hyperpolarizeto increase the polarity of something, especially the polarity across a biological membrane • interneurona multipolar neuron that connects afferent and efferent neurons • ion channela protein complex or single protein that penetrates a cell membrane and catalyzes the passage of specific ions through that membrane • limbic systempart of the human brain involved in emotion, motivation, and emotional association with memory • long-term depressiona long-term weakening of a synaptic connection • long-term potentiationa long-lasting (hours in vitro, weeks to months in vivo) increase, typically in amplitude, of the response of a postsynaptic neuron to a particular pattern of stimuli from a presynaptic neuron • membrane potentialthe difference in electrical potential across the enclosing membrane of a cell • meningesthe three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. The Nervous System • mental disorderany of the various diseases affecting the mind onset by brain damage or genetics • nervous systeman organ system that coordinates the body's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body • neurodegenerativeof, pertaining to, or resulting in the progressive loss of nerve cells and of neurologic function • neurodevelopmental disordera disorder of brain function that affects emotion, learning ability and memoryand that unfolds as the individual grows • neuroncell of the nervous system that conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites • node of Ranviera small constriction in the myelin sheath of axons • norepinephrinea neurotransmitter found in the locus coeruleus which is synthesized from dopamine • parasympathetic nervous systemone of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system, based between the brain and the spinal cord, that slows the heart and relaxes muscles • Parkinson’s diseasea degenerative disorder of the central nervous system • peripheral nervous systemthe part of the nervous system which is not the central nervous system • plasticitythe property of neuron that allows it to be strengthened or weakened • preganglionicdescribing the nerve fibres that supply a ganglion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. The Nervous System • proprioceptionthe sense of the position of parts of the body, relative to other neighbouring parts of the body • radial gliaglial cell that serves as a bridge for developing neurons as they move to their end destinations • resting potentialthe nearly latent membrane potential of inactive cells • rett syndromea neurodevelopmental disorder of the grey matter of the brain that almost exclusively affects females, but has also been found in male patients • saltatory conductionthe process of regenerating the action potential at each node of Ranvier • satellite gliaglial cell that provides nutrients for neurons in the PNS • schizophreniaa psychiatric diagnosis denoting a persistent, often chronic, mental illness variously affecting behavior, thinking, and emotion • serotoninan indoleamine neurotransmitter that is involved in depression, appetite, etc., and is crucial in maintaining a sense of well-being, security, etc. • somatosensationgeneral senses which respond to stimuli like temperature, pain, pressure, and vibration • spatial summationthe effect when simultaneous impulses received at different places on the neuron add up to fire the neuron • spinal nerveone of 31 pairs of nerves that carry motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body • strokethe loss of brain function arising when the blood supply to the brain is suddenly interrupted Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. The Nervous System • sulcusany of the grooves that mark the convolutions of the surface of the brain • sympathetic nervous systemthe part of the autonomic nervous system that under stress raises blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels and dilates the pupils • synapsethe junction between the terminal of a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or gland cell, over which nerve impulses pass • synapsethe junction between the terminal of a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or gland cell, over which nerve impulses pass • temporal summationthe effect when impulses received at the same place on the neuron add up • white mattera region of the central nervous system containing myelinated nerve fibers and no dendrites Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  19. The Nervous System Action potential travel along a neuronal axon The action potential is conducted down the axon as the axon membrane depolarizes, then repolarizes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_04.pngView on Boundless.com

  20. The Nervous System Types of Neurons Neurons are broadly divided into four main types based on the number and placement of axons: (1) unipolar, (2) bipolar, (3) multipolar, and (4) pseudounipolar. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Neurons and Glial Cells. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44747/latest/Figure_35_01_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. The Nervous System Comorbidity with ADHD Many people with ADHD have one or more other psychological or neurological disorders. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Nervous System Disorders. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44752/latest/Figure_35_05_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. The Nervous System Parkinson's disease Parkinson's patients often have a characteristic hunched walk. The disease is likely the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Nervous System Disorders. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44752/latest/Figure_35_05_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. The Nervous System Actions of the SNS and PNS The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems often have opposing effects on target organs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Peripheral Nervous System. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44751/latest/Figure_35_04_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. The Nervous System Cranial nerves The human brain contains 12 cranial nerves that receive sensory input and control motor output for the head and neck. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Peripheral Nervous System. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44751/latest/Figure_35_04_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. The Nervous System Alzheimer's disease Compared to a normal brain (left), the brain from a patient with Alzheimer's disease (right) shows a dramatic neurodegeneration, particularly within the ventricles and hippocampus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Nervous System Disorders. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44752/latest/Figure_35_05_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. The Nervous System Spinal cord cross-section A cross-section of the spinal cord shows grey matter (containing cell bodies and interneurons) and white matter (containing axons). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Central Nervous System. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44749/latest/Figure_35_03_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. The Nervous System Stroke effects on the brain A cerebral infarction, shaded in blue, occurs after a stroke when blood fails to reach a portion of the brain long enough to cause damage. The red arrow depicts the midline shift that occurs in the brain, which is also caused by a stroke. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."MCA-Stroke-Brain-Humn-2A."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MCA-Stroke-Brain-Humn-2A.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. The Nervous System Schizophrenia The development of schizophrenia is thought to be caused by malfunctioning dopaminergic neurons, which causes brain dysfunction and an imbalance of chemicals in the brain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Schizophrenia flowchart."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schizophrenia_flowchart.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. The Nervous System Glial cells Glial cells support neurons and maintain their environment. Glial cells of the (a) central nervous system include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglial cells. Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath around axons. Astrocytes provide nutrients to neurons, maintain their extracellular environment, and provide structural support. Microglia scavenge pathogens and dead cells. Ependymal cells produce cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the neurons. Glial cells of the (b) peripheral nervous system include Schwann cells, which form the myelin sheath, and satellite cells, which provide nutrients and structural support to neurons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Neurons and Glial Cells. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44747/latest/Figure_35_01_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. The Nervous System Images of glial cells (a) Astrocytes and (b) oligodendrocytes are glial cells of the central nervous system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Neurons and Glial Cells. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44747/latest/Figure_35_01_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. The Nervous System Neuron diversity There is great diversity in the size and shape of neurons throughout the nervous system. Examples include (a) a pyramidal cell from the cerebral cortex, (b) a Purkinje cell from the cerebellar cortex, and (c) olfactory cells from the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Neurons and Glial Cells. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44747/latest/Figure_35_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. The Nervous System Cellular structure of neurons Neurons contain organelles common to many other cells, such as a nucleus and mitochondria. They also have more specialized structures, including dendrites and axons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Neurons and Glial Cells. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44747/latest/Figure_35_01_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  33. The Nervous System Signal summation at the axon hillock A single neuron can receive both excitatory and inhibitory inputs from multiple neurons. All these inputs are added together at the axon hillock. If the EPSPs are strong enough to overcome the IPSPs and reach the threshold of excitation, the neuron will fire. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. The Nervous System Long-term potentiation and depression Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDA receptors can initiate two different forms of synaptic plasticity: long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). LTP arises when a single synapse is repeatedly stimulated. This stimulation causes a calcium- and CaMKII-dependent cellular cascade, which results in the insertion of more AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane. The next time glutamate is released from the presynaptic cell, it will bind to both NMDA and the newly-inserted AMPA receptors, thus depolarizing the membrane more efficiently. LTD occurs when few glutamate molecules bind to NMDA receptors at a synapse (due to a low firing rate of the presynaptic neuron). The calcium that does flow through NMDA receptors initiates a different calcineurin and protein phosphatase 1-dependent cascade, which results in the endocytosis of AMPA receptors. This makes the postsynaptic neuron less responsive to glutamate released from the presynaptic neuron. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_10.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. The Nervous System Ion channel configurations Voltage-gated ion channels are closed at the resting potential and open in response to changes in membrane voltage. After activation, they become inactivated for a brief period and will no longer open in response to a signal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. The Nervous System Lobes of the cerebral cortex The human cerebral cortex includes the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, each of which is involved in a different higher function. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Central Nervous System. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44749/latest/Figure_35_03_03.pngView on Boundless.com

  37. The Nervous System Motor cortex control of muscle movement Different parts of the motor cortex control different muscle groups. Muscle groups that are neighbors in the body are generally controlled by neighboring regions of the motor cortex as well. For example, the neurons that control shoulder movement are near the neurons that control elbow movement, which are themselves next to those that control wrist movement. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Central Nervous System. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44749/latest/Figure_35_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. The Nervous System The limbic system The limbic system regulates emotion and other behaviors. It includes parts of the cerebral cortex located near the center of the brain, including the cingulate gyrus and the hippocampus as well as the thalamus, hypothalamus, and amygdala. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Central Nervous System. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44749/latest/Figure_35_03_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. The Nervous System Nodes of Ranvier Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in myelin coverage along axons. Nodes contain voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels. Action potentials travel down the axon by jumping from one node to the next. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. The Nervous System Formation of an action potential The formation of an action potential can be divided into five steps. (1) A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron causes the target cell to depolarize toward the threshold potential. (2) If the threshold of excitation is reached, all Na+ channels open and the membrane depolarizes. (3) At the peak action potential, K+ channels open and K+ begins to leave the cell. At the same time, Na+ channels close. (4) The membrane becomes hyperpolarized as K+ ions continue to leave the cell. The hyperpolarized membrane is in a refractory period and cannot fire. (5) The K+ channels close and the Na+/K+ transporter restores the resting potential. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_03.pngView on Boundless.com

  41. The Nervous System Autonomic nervous system Autonomic responses are mediated by the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems, which are antagonistic to one another. The sympathetic system activates the "fight or flight" response, while the parasympathetic system activates the "rest and digest" response. In the autonomic nervous system, a preganglionic neuron of the CNS synapses with a postganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic nervous system. The postganglionic neuron, in turn, acts on a target organ. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Peripheral Nervous System. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44751/latest/Figure_35_04_01f.pngView on Boundless.com

  42. The Nervous System Spinal nerves Spinal nerves contain both sensory and motor axons. The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in dorsal root ganglia. The cell bodies of motor neurons are found in the ventral portion of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Peripheral Nervous System. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44751/latest/Figure_35_04_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. The Nervous System Meninges of the brain The outermost layer of the meninges is the dura mater, which protects the brain and spinal cord. The innermost layer is the pia mater, which directly covers the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid mater is found between the two. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Meninges-en."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meninges-en.svgView on Boundless.com

  44. The Nervous System Central nervous system The central nervous system (2) is a combination of the brain (1) and the spinal cord (3). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Central nervous system."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_nervous_system.svgView on Boundless.com

  45. The Nervous System Membrane potential The (a) resting membrane potential is a result of different concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions inside and outside the cell. A nerve impulse causes Na+ to enter the cell, resulting in (b) depolarization. At the peak action potential, K+ channels open and the cell becomes (c) hyperpolarized. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. The Nervous System Synaptic vesicles inside a neuron This pseudocolored image taken with a scanning electron microscope shows an axon terminal that was broken open to reveal synaptic vesicles (blue and orange) inside the neuron. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  47. The Nervous System Communication at a chemical synapse Communication at chemical synapses requires release of neurotransmitters. When the presynaptic membrane is depolarized, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and allow Ca2+ to enter the cell. The calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane, resulting in a localized depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44748/latest/Figure_35_02_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. The Nervous System Nervous system at work An athlete's nervous system is hard at work during the planning and execution of a movement as precise as a high jump. Parts of the nervous system are involved in determining how hard to push off and when to turn, as well as controlling the muscles throughout the body that make this complicated movement possible without knocking the bar down; all in just a few seconds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44745/latest/Figure_35_00_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  49. The Nervous System Various nervous systems (a) In cnidarians, nerve cells form a decentralized nerve net. (b) In echinoderms, nerve cells are bundled into fibers called nerves. (c) In animals exhibiting bilateral symmetry, such as planarians, neurons cluster into an anterior brain that processes information. (d) In addition to a brain, arthropods have clusters of nerve cell bodies, called peripheral ganglia, located along the ventral nerve cord. Mollusks, such as squid and (e) octopi, which must hunt to survive, have complex brains containing millions of neurons. In (f) vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system, while neurons extending into the rest of the body comprise the peripheral nervous system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 25, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44747/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  50. The Nervous System Attribution • Wiktionary."glial cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glial_cell • Wiktionary."nervous system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nervous_system • Wiktionary."neuron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neuron • Wikipedia."Nervous system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 25, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44747/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44745/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."synapse."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synapse • Wikipedia."axon."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/axon • Wikipedia."dendrite."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dendrite • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44747/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/radial-glia • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/satellite-glia • Wiktionary."astrocyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/astrocyte • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44747/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."ion channel."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ion_channel • Wiktionary."membrane potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/membrane_potential • Wiktionary."resting potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resting_potential Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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