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Welcome to. First Homework (worth 5 pts.) - Due Sunday 11 PM of the first week of school. Log on to Blackboard http://clpccd.blackboard.com and enter the Physiology 1 class site (1 pt.)

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Welcome to

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  1. Welcome to

  2. First Homework (worth 5 pts.)- Due Sunday 11 PM of the first week of school. Log on to Blackboardhttp://clpccd.blackboard.comand enter the Physiology 1 class site (1 pt.) Go to “Tools”, then “Personal Information” . Make sure the correct email address has been entered. If you have to make a change you will have to make through Class Web (1 pts.) Now go to “Change Password” and choose your own password. Review all pages of the syllabus carefully! (2 pts.)

  3. First Homework cont.:Student Info Sheet Fill out the student info sheet that you received during the first class period. Turn it back in Monday of the second week. Worth 1 point.

  4. Textbook – some special features: • Background basics • Running Problems • Concept checks • Chapter summary • EOC questions • The Physiology place (http://www.physiologyplace.com)

  5. Ch 1: Introduction to Physiology • Definition of physiology • Review of organ systems • Function and process • Introduction to the concept of homeostasis • Ideas in physiology • Themes in physiology • The science of physiology • Searching and reading the scientific literature

  6. Physiology is . . . Fig 1-1: . . . the study of the ___________ of all plants and animals in their ____________ state. . . . an integrative science Moving beyond the genome: from genomics to proteomics

  7. Review Levels of Organization

  8. Physiological Organ Systems • Operate as integrated units • How many? Can you list them? Examples: Regulation of plasma calcium concentration Regulation of blood pressure See Fig 1-2

  9. Function and Process:Teleological vs. Mechanistic Approach What is purpose or function? Why does something exist? Why does it need to be done? What are processes involved? How does something work?

  10. Key Themes in Physiology: • HomeostasisIntegration of body system functions (Ch 6) • Biological Energy UseConstant energy input needed (Ch 4) • Structure-Function Relationships molecular interactions (Ch 2), compartmentation (Ch 3) • Communication and movement across cell membranes Cells communicate with other cells, tissues & organs. Membrane transport, signal transduction (Chs 5 / 6)

  11. Homeostasis Difference between land animals and sea creatures Many body parameters need to be closely monitored because they must not change much. Homeostasis vs. homeodynamics Failure to maintain homeostasis  Pathophysiology

  12. cell Fig 1-3

  13. Internal vs. external failure of homeostasis Fig 1-4

  14. Focus on . . . . (Concept) Mapping • Structure – function maps • Process maps or Flow charts Follow process in sequence Example: Support in organisms Fig 1-5 b)

  15. The Science of Physiologyis based on the Scientific Method Review • Basic steps of scientific method • Parameters to consider • Experimental design

  16. Basic Steps of Scientific Method: Observation (and/or study of prior knowledge) Hypothesis Experimentation Collection and analysis of data (can you replicate results?) Conclusion: reject or accepthypothesis theory

  17. Parameters to consider: Independent vs.dependentvariables Experimental groupvs.control group: only one independent variable is changed Controlled by experimenter Responds to independent variable: gives results.

  18. Independent variable (= manipulated, altered variable) = ? Dependent variable (= responding to independent variable) = ?

  19. Example: Company has found new artificial sweetener (S) Prior knowledge: Some food additives are not safe. Hypothesis: ? Experiments: ? Collect and analyze data Conclusion

  20. Animal vs. Human Experimentation • In Physiology most knowledge is derived from _______ experimentation. • Sometime human experimentation necessary. • Difficulties of Human Experimentation: • Variability → very dissimilar test subjects • Psychological aspects → placebo vs. nocebo effects • Ethical questions → is it o.k. to withhold potential drug from seriously ill?

  21. Experimental Design for Human Studies Blind study (subjects do not know if they get treatment or placebo) Double-blind study Double-blind crossover study (each subject participates in experimental AND control group)

  22. Experimental Design for Human Studies cont. Longitudinal studies (e.g.: Framingham Heart Study) Prospective studies (e.g.: Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults.) Retrospective studies (e.g.: Silent aspiration: results of 2,000 video fluoroscopic evaluations.) Meta-analysis (e.g.: Meta-analysis of soy intake and breast cancer risk)

  23. few < 10% Development of pharmaceutical drugs(not in book) In vitro In vivo tests on labanimals In vivo human clinical trials (3 phases) FDA approval

  24. Focus on Graphs (pp.12/13) • Data are often presented in form of a graph • For examples review Fig 1-7

  25. Read “Searching and Reading The Scientific Literature” before library orientation. the end

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