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What is a Mineral

What is a Mineral. Chapter 3 Minerals of Earth’s Crust. Mineral . A naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure . Questions to ask yourself . Is it a nonliving material? A mineral is inorganic, meaning it isn’t made of living things Is it a solid

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What is a Mineral

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  1. What is a Mineral Chapter 3 Minerals of Earth’s Crust

  2. Mineral • A naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure

  3. Questions to ask yourself • Is it a nonliving material? • A mineral is inorganic, meaning it isn’t made of living things • Is it a solid • Minerals cant be gases or liquids • Does it have a crystalline structure • Minerals are crystals, which have a repeating inner structure that is often reflected in the shape of a crystal. Minerals generally have the same chemical composition throughout • Is it formed in nature? • Crystalline materials made by people aren’t classified as minerals.

  4. What is an • Pure substance that cannot be broken down.

  5. What is a Compound made of? • Compound- a substance made of TWO or more elements that have been CHEMICALLY combined. • Ex: Halite (NaCl)

  6. Crystals • A solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern • Geometric forms of minerals produced by a repeating pattern of atoms • Shape is determined by arrangement of atoms

  7. Two Groups of Minerals • Most common classification of minerals is based on chemical composition. • Silicate Minerals • Nonsilicate Minerals

  8. Silicate Minerals • Minerals that contain a combination of silicon and oxygen as well as other elements. • Make up more than 90% of the Earth’s crust • Other common elements they combine with include: aluminum, iron, magnesium and potassium.

  9. Common Silicate Minerals Feldspar Quartz Mica

  10. Nonsilicate Minerals • Minerals that do not contain a combination of the elements silicon and oxygen. • Some include carbon, oxygen, fluorine, and sulfur. • Classes of nonsilicate minerals: • Native Elements • Carbonates • Halides • Oxides • Sulfates • Sulfides Spinel Gypsum Halite Galena Hematite Pyrite Calcite

  11. Native Elements • Minerals composed of only one element • Ex: copper, gold, silver • Used in communications and electronic equipment

  12. Carbonates • Minerals that contain combinations of carbon and oxygen in their chemical structure. • Used in cement, building stones and fireworks

  13. Halides • Compounds that form when fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine combine with sodium potassium or calcium. • Used in the chemical industry and in detergents

  14. Oxides • Compounds that form when an element such as aluminum or iron combines chemically with oxygen. • Used to make abrasives, aircraft parts and paint

  15. Sulfates • Minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen • Used in cosmetics, toothpaste, cement, and paint.

  16. Sulfides • Minerals that contain one or more elements, such as lead, iron or nickel, combined with sulfur. • Used to make batteries, medicines, and electronic parts.

  17. Assignment • Section Review Chapter 3 Section 1

  18. Identifying Minerals • We use several different properties to help identify minerals • Color • Luster • Streak • Cleavage and Fracture • Hardness • Density • Special Properties

  19. Color • The same mineral can often come in a variety of colors • Not the best way to identify a mineral All 3 are Pyrite (fools gold)

  20. Luster • The way a surface reflects light • Minerals have metallic, submetallic or nonmetallic luster • Shiny = metallic • Dull = submetallic or nonmetallic

  21. Types of Mineral Luster Bright and Reflective Dull and Plastic Dull and Reflective

  22. Streak • Color of a mineral in powdered form • Found by rubbing the mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain called a streak plate • The color of the mineral’s streak is not always the same as the color of the mineral sample • Good way to identify a mineral

  23. Cleavage Different types of minerals break in different ways. The way a mineral breaks is determined by the arrangement of its atoms. • The splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces. Fracture The manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces

  24. Hardness • A minerals resistance to being scratched • We use Mohhs Hardness scale to determine the hardness • To identify a mineral scratch the surface of a mineral with the edge of one of the 10 reference minerals. • If it scratches the reference mineral your mineral is harder

  25. Mohs Hardnes Scale

  26. Density • Measure of how much matter is in a given object • Ratio of an objects mass to it’s volume • Measured in grams per cubic centimeter • Water is used as a reference because we know it has a density of 1g/cm3

  27. Special Properties • Some properties are particular to only a few types of minerals.

  28. Assignment • Section Review 3-2 page 73 #1-8

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