Egyptian Civilization

1. Egyptian Civilization Brooke, Madison, Genesis, Elysa

2. Social Structure • Merchants • Fifth on social structure • Lower than Craftsmen because they only sold , not handmade there merchandise • Sold goods from over seas -Artisans - Traders Farmers • Sixth on the social structure • Part of the lower class • Tended the animals • Also took care or the irrigation canals • Responsible for building the royal monuments • Gave 60% of there yearly harvest as taxes

3. Social Structure • Slaves/Servants • Usually those captured as prisoners of war • Forced to build projects • Toiled (worked) at the discretion of the pharaoh or nobles • Soldiers • Third on the social structure • Fought wars or controlled domestic uprisings • Supervise the lower class (farmers, slaves , and peasants) that were involved in building • Craftsman • Fourth on social structure • Made up part of the middle class • Provided/Made useful tools • -pottery • - items from papyrus

4. Political/Rulers • They were seen as gods, therefore had control over everything (military, conflict, and taxes) • Assigned a supervisor which is called a vizier • Viziers social status was the same as a noble/priest because they ensured that taxes were collected for the pharoah • They were second in the social structure • Nobles were assigned to hold govt. post profits • Govt. post profits were tributes paid to the pharaoh • Priests gained wealth through donations to the gods

5. Religion/Faith • Polytheistic-Polytheism is the worship or belief in multiple deities • over 2000 gods and goddess. • Ra was the sun god of Ancient Egypt. He was also described as the creator of everything. • Amun-At the height of Egyptian civilization he was called the 'King of the Gods‘. • Horus-He is probably most well-known as the protector of the ruler of Egypt. Most of the Egyptians believed that the pharaoh was the 'living Horus'. • Thoth-was the god of writing and knowledge. The ancient Egyptians believed that Thoth gave them the gift of hieroglyphic writing.

6. Technology • Egyptians used simply tools • Some of the tools were drove hammers and mallets to chisel. • Trowels was helped to smooth out the blocks. Egypt is know for the great limestone which was used on the pyramids. • Sundials

7. Economy/Trade • Most of their money was from trading • livestock were traded • Traded minerals for food • Traded gold and wheat • Thriving economy • Neighboring countries • Palestine and Syria

8. Writing System • The Hieroglyphics went through eight primary stages • Early Dynastic Period : 3000bc – 2600bc • Old Kingdom : 2600bc – 2200bc • First Intermediate Period : 2200bc – 1940bc • Middle Kingdom 1940bc – 1760bc • Second Intermediate Period : 1760bc – 1500bc • New Kingdom : 1500bc – 1000bc • Third Intermediate Period : 1000bc – 650bc • Late Period : 650bc – 343bc • From the beginning to the end there were thousands of different symbols used • Each picture used in Hieroglyphics has an association that extends past its meaning Ex. A seated man could indicate not only a man but also myself

9. City Structure/Architecture Old Kingdom • 1300-2181 BCE • Time period of the beginning of pyramid building • Architects and Masons • Mastered techniques too build monumental stone structures • Example: Pyramid or Djor • Pharaoh who ruled in that time period • Imhotep who was a high priest, designed 6-step outlook • Famous for his architectural work

10. Middle Kingdom • 2055-1650 • Reunified upper and lower Egypt • Example of Egyptian Architecture is The Montuhotep’s Montuary • It was constructed against sheer cliffs of western Thebes • Central feature was a terraced temple with pillared porticoes • Used as royal tomb and centre for worship

11. New Kingdom • 1550-1065 BCE • Time of Egyptian temples • Mostly built for gods • 2 types of sanctuaries -Mortuary: west bank -Temples: east bank, for living gods • Temples where accompanied by great structures leading to them ( Example: sphinxes)

12. Law Codes/Legal System • Most legal codes did not survive • Cases judged by officials • Laws were based on common sense • Most were oral laws • Ma’at concept • Small cases ruled by Kenbet • Serious cases by Great Kenbet

13. General Geography • Mostly desert • Borders the Mediterranean and Red Sea • Sahara, Libyan, Arabian, and Nubian Desert Upper and Lower Egypt • Lower Egypt is located in the north • Nile Delta flows into the Mediterranean Sea • Upper Egypt is located in the south Nile River Valley • Nile River Valley located in eastern Egypt • 6,650 Kilometers long • Fertile land do to flooding • The flooding land created silt • Crops

14. Role of Women • The Egyptian women were treated better than any other ancient women in the world. • In the eyes of the law men and women were equal. • Women could -run a business -own, buy, and sell property -make their own will and leave personal goods to whomever Including their daughters

15. Military • Infantry- mostly voluntary • Worked for pay • Navy-elite middle class • Highly sophisticated • Upper classes • Had sticks, spears, bow and arrows, and slings • The Chariot • two-wheeled war mobile • carrying an driver and a archer • Egyptians only knew two types of chariots war chariots and carriage chariots. • Originated from Mesopotamia

16. Questions • Where are upper and lower Egypt? • Name two things women could do. • Where were farmers on the social structure? • When was the middle kingdom? • In the legend in Hathor what was she called? • True/False: women were treated equal in the eyes of the law. • Which god was the god of knowledge and writing? • True/False: the Egyptian believed that the pharaoh was the “living Horus”. • How did the priests gain wealth? • What was Thoth the god of?

17. Work Cited • Briney, Amanda. "Geography of Egypt." About.com. N.p., 20 Feb 2011. Web. 11 Jan 2013.<http://geography.about.com/od/ egyptmaps/a/egypt- geography.htm>. • Canadian Museum of Civilizations, . "Egyptian Civilization."Mysteries of Egypt. (1998): n. page. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/ egcgeo3e.shtml >. • University College London, . "Law in Ancient Egypt."Digital Egypt for Universities. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan 2013. <http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/administration/law.h tml >. • Dunn, Jimmy. "Law and the Legal System of Ancient Egypt." Egypt: Law and the Legal System in Ancient Egypt. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan 2013. <http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/law.htm>.

18. Development in the Ancient World. Phone pyae, 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://isy6a2011awd.wikispaces.com/Egyptian+Econom y>. • Ancient Egypt. Robert Guisepi, 2004. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://history-world.org/hieroglyphics.htm>. • The Egyptian Language. Wim van den Dungen, 2003. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://www.sofiatopia.org/maat/language.htm>. • An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt. Arachnophilia, 2000. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/ index.html>. • Shira. "The Goddesses of Ancient Egypt." The Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. John Rickman, San Jose, California, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. http://www.shira.net/egypt-goddess.htm. • Di Paolo, Anthony C. "Ancient Egyptian Religions -- Courtesy of Return To Glory..." Ancient Egyptian Religions -- Courtesy of Return To Glory... N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://www.freemaninstitute.com/Gallery/religions.htm>. • Martin, Phillip. "Women - Ancient Egypt for Kids." Women - Ancient Egypt for Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://egypt.mrdonn.org/women.html>.