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Framework

Framework. The Life-Span Perspective Developmental Processes, Periods, and Issues Research in Life-Span Development. The Life-Span Perspective. The Life-Span Perspective. Development: Pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through life span.

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Framework

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  1. Framework The Life-Span Perspective Developmental Processes, Periods, and Issues Research in Life-Span Development

  2. The Life-Span Perspective The Life-Span Perspective • Development: • Pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through life span.

  3. The Life-Span Perspective The Importance of Studying Life-Span Development • Personal insight • Explore growth and decline • Experiences influence development

  4. Children are born into a world corrupted with inclination toward evil Original sin view Children born as “blank slates” and acquire characteristics through experience (Locke) Tabla rasa view Innate goodnessview Children born inherently good (Rousseau) The Life-Span Perspective Views of Child Development

  5. The Life-Span Perspective Adult Development • Maximum human life span unchanged. • Life expectancy: • Average number of years a person is expected to live when born in a particular year has changed. • Developmental change occurs during adulthood as well as childhood.

  6. The Life-Span Perspective The Aging of America

  7. The Life-Span Perspective Characteristics of the Life-Span Perspective • Lifelong • Multidimensional • Multidirectional • Plastic • Maintenance • Contextual • Multidisciplinary • Individualistic • Growth • Regulation

  8. Biological and environmental influences are similar for individuals in a particular age group Normative age-graded influences Biological and environmental influences are associated with history Normative history-graded influences Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a specific person’s life Non-normative life events The Life-Span Perspective Development is Contextual

  9. The Life-Span Perspective Family Policy • Social policy: • Laws, regulations, and government programs that influence citizens’ welfare. • U.S. family policies overwhelmingly treatment oriented.

  10. The Nature of Development Percentage of Poor and Middle-Income Children Exposed to Each of Six Stressors

  11. The Nature of Development Processes in Development

  12. The Nature of Development Periods of Development • Prenatal Period • Infancy • Early childhood • Middle and late childhood • Adolescence • Early adulthood • Middle adulthood • Late adulthood

  13. The Nature of Development Periods of Development • Each period of the life span has its own stresses, ups and downs, and concerns. • Older adults have different views than children or adolescents. • Variations in capabilities of same age individuals occur in all periods of development. • How does satisfaction in life relate to age?

  14. The Nature of Development Age and Happiness

  15. The Nature of Development Conceptions of Age • Chronological age: • Number of years elapsed since person’s birth. • Biological age: • Age in terms of biological health. • Psychological age: • Individual’s adaptive capacities. • Social age: • Social roles and expectations related to person’s age.

  16. Extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture Nature and Nurture Degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change Stability and Change Extent development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity) Continuity-Discontinuity The Nature of Development Developmental Issues

  17. The Nature of Development Continuity and Discontinuity in Development

  18. Theories of Development Theories of Development • Scientific method: • Conceptualize a problem to be studied. • Collect research information/data. • Analyze data. • Draw conclusions.

  19. Theories of Development Theories of Development • Theory — interrelated set of ideas that helps to explain data, make predictions. • Hypotheses — assertions or predictions, often derived from theories that can be tested.

  20. Research in Life-Span Development Research in Life Span Development Methods for Collecting Data • Observation • Laboratory setting • Cultural concerns • Naturalistic observation • Survey and interview • Standardized tests • Case Study • Life-history record • Physiological Measures

  21. Research in Life-Span Development Research Designs • Descriptive research • Correlational research • Correlation coefficient and range • Correlation does not equal causation • Experimental research • Independent and dependent variables • Experimental and control groups

  22. Research in Life-Span Development Possible Explanations for Correlational Data

  23. Research in Life-Span Development Principles of Experimental Research

  24. Research in Life-Span Development Time Span of Research • Cross-Sectional Approach: Individuals of different ages are compared at one time. • Longitudinal Approach: Same individuals studied over period of time. • Sequential Approach: Combined cross-sectional, longitudinal design. • Cohort effects

  25. Research in Life-Span Development Research Journals • Scholarly and academic information • Specific domain; academic discipline • Abstract • Method section • Results, discussion, and references

  26. Research in Life-Span Development Research Ethics • Informed consent • Confidentiality • Debriefing • Deception • Gender bias • Cultural and ethnic bias • ‘Ethnic gloss’ and over-generalizing

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