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Chapter 4, Our Gendered Identities . Gendered Identities Is Anatomy Destiny? Gender and Socialization Gender in Adult Lives. Masculine “Scripts”. No sissy-stuff - men are expected to distance themselves from anything feminine.
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Chapter 4, Our Gendered Identities • Gendered Identities • Is Anatomy Destiny? • Gender and Socialization • Gender in Adult Lives
Masculine “Scripts” • No sissy-stuff - men are expected to distance themselves from anything feminine. • Big wheel - men should be occupationally or financially successful. • Sturdy oak - men should be confident and self-reliant. • Give ‘em hell -men should do what is necessary to “make it”
Femininities • Women should offer emotional support. • Ideal woman is attractive, not too competitive, a good listener and adaptable. • Women are expected to be good mothers and to put the needs of others first. • Superwoman - successful at a career and a good wife/mother.
Male Dominance • Males tend to dominate verbally. • Male Dominance is evident in politics, religion and the economy. • There are no known societies where women dominate men.
Male Dominance - Economy • In 2001, women earned 77% of what employed men earned. • In 2000, only 12.5% of executive positions were held by women. • Even in the same occupational categories, women earn less than men.
Old-fashioned Sexism Measuring statements • Swearing is more repulsive in a a woman than a man. • It is ridiculous for a woman to run a locomotive and for a man to darn socks.
Old-fashioned Sexism Measuring statements • The father should have greater authority than the mother in bringing up children. • Women are generally not as smart as men. • It is more important to encourage boys than girls to participate in athletics.
Modern Sexism Measuring statements • Discrimination against women in the labor force is no longer a problem. • Women shouldn't push themselves where they are not wanted.
Modern Sexism Measuring statements • Many men are inclined to overcompensate women in order not to appear sexist. • Due to social pressures, some firms have to hire under qualified women.
Biological Theories of Gender • In order to continue their genes, individuals maximize their own and their close kin’s reproduction. • Men and women have different adaptive strategies and skills encoded in the genes. • Male and female brains differ due to greater amounts of testosterone secreted by a male fetus.
Society Based Gender Stratification Foraging and Hoe Societies • Food production is compatible with pregnancy, and nursing. • Women fully participate economically so males are less dominant.
Society Based Gender Stratification Agricultural Societies • Food production is less compatible with pregnancy and nursing. • Men did the heavy work and women's productive labor was less visible. • Patriarchy became established and increased the social control exerted over women.
Society Based Gender Stratification Industrial Societies • Status of women declined as work became separate from home and family life. • Women’s contribution to the economy through domestic support and reproduction of the labor force became virtually invisible.
Theories of Socialization • Social Learning Theory - Children learn gender roles as they are taught by parents, schools and the media. • Self-identification theory - Children categorize themselves by age three and then identify behaviors in their families, the media and elsewhere that are appropriate to their sex and adopt these behaviors.
Theories of Socialization • Gender Schema Theory - Children develop a frame of knowledge about what girls and boys typically do. • Children's Theory of Gender - Infants develop a primary identification with their primary caregiver and later must differentiate psychologically and emotionally between themselves and their primary caregiver.
Girls and Boys in the Family • Parents handle infant sons more roughly and respond more quickly to crying baby girls. • Most parents discourage their children from playing with other sex toys. • Parents allocate household chores according to the child’s sex.
Socialization in School's • More men are in positions of authority (principals and superintendents) and women are in positions of service (teachers and secretaries). • Teachers pay more attention to males than to females. • Males tend to dominate learning environments from nursery school to college.
Gender and Stress: Women • Women are oriented to others at the expense of self, leading to depression, boredom, and dissatisfaction. • Suicide attempts are more common among women than men. • Women have higher rates of mental illness and eating disorders.
Gender and Stress: Men • Overemphasis on production, competition and achievement create anxiety and stress which may contribute to shorter life expectancy. • Physically dangerous behaviors (smoking, unsafe driving, drug use, violence) shorten men’s lives. • Hiding their feelings can lead to hidden depression and isolation.
