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COMS 161 Introduction to Computing

COMS 161 Introduction to Computing. Title: Digital Images Date: November 12, 2004 Lecture Number: 32. Announcements. Review. Real numbers Limitations. Outline. The nature of images Natural vs. artificial images How digital images are Organized Created Stored Processed.

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COMS 161 Introduction to Computing

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  1. COMS 161Introduction to Computing Title: Digital Images Date: November 12, 2004 Lecture Number: 32

  2. Announcements

  3. Review • Real numbers • Limitations

  4. Outline • The nature of images • Natural vs. artificial images • How digital images are • Organized • Created • Stored • Processed

  5. Natural images From common, analog sources Photos, drawings, paintings, TV, movies, etc. Must be digitized for use with a computer Artificial images Generated digitally The Nature of Images

  6. Representing Digital Images • Natural images (such as a photograph, a frame of a video, etc.) typically consist of continuous or analog signals • Digital images are composed of pixels (picture elements) • For use in a computer, natural images must be digitized

  7. Example of Digitization • Consider a photograph of a penny • Pretend that this is a photograph • To use this image in a computer, it must first be digitized

  8. Example of Digitization • The first step in digitizing this natural image is sampling • This image is partitioned (sampled) into a 50×50 square grid of pixels • The picture resolution of this digitized image will thus be 50×50

  9. Example of Digitization • An image’s aspect ratio is the ratio of the number of horizontal pixels to the number of vertical pixels • This 50×50 grid has an aspect ratio of 1:1 • Most computer screens are 1.33:1 • (640×480, 1024×768, etc.) • Std. TV is 4:3 (or 1.33:1) • HDTV is 16:9 (or 1.78:1)

  10. Example of Digitization • The second step in digitizing the image is quantizing the pixels • For each pixel, an average color is calculated • This resolution (50×50) is ‘clearly’ insufficient to represent the detail of the original image

  11. Resolution • Picture resolution is a trade-off between image quality and file size • This digitized image has a resolution of 272×416 • Minimum file size is then (272×416) × (bytes/pixel) • For 256 colors (one byte per pixel), minimum file size would be (272×416) × (1) =110.5 KB • For 16 million colors (3 bytes/pixel), it would be 331 KB

  12. Resolution • With the resolution reduced to 136×208, the picture loses detail • File size is reduced to: • 28.3 KB for 256 colors • 84.8 KB for 16 million colors

  13. Resolution • With the resolution further reduced to 68×104, the picture becomes almost unrecognizable • File size is greatly reduced to: • 7.1 KB for 256 colors • 21.2 KB for 16 million colors • With large pictures and high color requirements, file size becomes very important • Digital cameras can easily create single pictures larger than 1 MB

  14. Imagine a simple image: a bright object on a dark background Sample the image as before Quantizing Digital Images • Consider just a single row of pixels across the center

  15. 1.0 0.5 0.0 Quantizing Digital Images • Assign number values to the pixels: 0 = ‘black’ 1 = ‘white’ • Plot the values of the pixels on the center row • With this image, we only need two “colors”, black and white

  16. Dynamic Range • Most pictures are more complex than just black and white • To adequately represent an image, we need enough levels of quantization to achieve the desired picture quality • The range of values chosen for quantization is called the dynamic range of the digitized image

  17. Dynamic Range • Max value – min value • Typically it is a power of 2 • 256 gray values = 28, 8 bits / pixel • How large should a dynamic range be? • Science says we can only distinguish between 40 different shades of gray!!

  18. Dynamic Range Example • This is a grayscale image quantized to 256 levels of gray • 0 = ‘black’ • 127 = ‘medium (50%) gray’ • 255 = ‘white’ • Dynamic range is sufficient for use in this presentation • Clear detail in highlights and shadows

  19. Dynamic Range Example • The same image, now quantized to 16 levels • 0 = ‘black’ • 7 = ‘medium (50%) gray’ • 15 = ‘white’ • Dynamic range is acceptable • Detail somewhat reduced in highlights and shadows • False contours becoming apparent (especially on chin and cheeks)

  20. Dynamic Range Example • The same image, now quantized to 4 levels • 0 = ‘black’ • 1 = ‘dark (67%) gray’ • 2 = ‘light (33%) gray’ • 3 = ‘white’ • Dynamic range is marginal • Detail severely reduced • Shadows flattened • Extreme false contouring

  21. Dynamic Range Example • The same image, now quantized to 2 levels • 0 = ‘black’ • 1 = ‘white’ • Dynamic range is unacceptable • Detail almost gone • But, this may be a desirable artistic effect

  22. Dynamic Range Example

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