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Evolution Practice Assessment

Evolution Practice Assessment. Fill in the blanks below. Darwin made two major points in his book: Many current species are __________ of ancestral species _________________is a mechanism for this evolutionary process. The study of _______ helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin’s ideas

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Evolution Practice Assessment

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  1. Evolution Practice Assessment

  2. Fill in the blanks below • Darwin made two major points in his book: • Many current species are __________ of ancestral species • _________________is a mechanism for this evolutionary process

  3. The study of _______ helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin’s ideas • __________ are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata

  4. Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier • Cuvier advocated ____________, speculating that each boundary between strata represents a ________________

  5. _____________ is the idea that profound change can take place through the cumulative effect of ___________ but continuous processes

  6. ____________hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse and the inheritance of acquired traits • The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by evidence

  7. Inference #1: Production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a _____________among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of their offspring surviving • Inference #2: Survival depends in part on ______; individuals whose inherited traits give them a ____ probability of surviving and reproducing are likely to leave _________________ • Inference #3: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to a ___________, with favorable __________ accumulating over generations

  8. Summary of Natural Selection • Natural selection is differential success in reproduction from interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environment • Natural selection produces an increase over time in adaptation of organisms to their environment • If an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions

  9. What does this figure illustrate ? Lateral buds Terminal bud Brussels sprouts Cabbage LE 22-10 Leaves Flower clusters Kale Cauliflower Stem Flowers and stems Kohlrabi Wild mustard Broccoli

  10. LE 22-14 Whale Bat Cat Human

  11. LE 22-15 Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo

  12. _______________are remnants of structures that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

  13. Percent of Amino Acids That Are Identical to the Amino Acids in a Human Hemoglobin Polypeptide Species Human 100% LE 22-16 Rhesus monkey 95% 87% Mouse 69% Chicken 54% Frog 14% Lamprey

  14. NORTH AMERICA Sugar glider LE 22-17 AUSTRALIA Flying squirrel

  15. Natural selection acts on ____________, but only ___________ evolve • ________________in populations contribute to evolution

  16. _______evolution is change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation

  17. ________________is the study of how populations change genetically over time • Population genetics ____________ Mendelian genetics with the Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection • This modern synthesis focuses on populations as units of evolution

  18. The______________isthe total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time and consists of all gene loci in all individuals of the population

  19. If p and q represent the relative frequencies of the only two possible alleles in a population at a particular locus, then_________________ • And ______and _______represent the frequencies of the homozygous genotypes and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype

  20. The five conditions for non-evolving populations are rarely met in nature: • ______________population size • No ___________- • No ___________ • __________mating • No ____________

  21. _______________describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next which tends to ___________genetic variation through losses of alleles

  22. What does this figure illustrate? LE 23-8 Original population Bottlenecking event Surviving population

  23. ___________consists of genetic additions or subtractions from a population, resulting from movement of fertile individuals or gametes which causes a population to gain or lose alleles • It tends to reduce differences between populations over time

  24. Original population Frequency of individuals LE 23-12 Phenotypes (fur color) Original population Evolved population

  25. ______________________________ ? • Some individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than homozygotes • Natural selection will tend to maintain two or more alleles at that locus

  26. _________________________?

  27. LE 24-2 ___________________ ____________________

  28. ________________impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur: • Habitat isolation • Temporal isolation • Behavioral isolation • Mechanical isolation • Gametic isolation Identify them on the following slides.

  29. ________________: Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

  30. _______________: Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers

  31. _________________: Morphological differences can prevent successful mating

  32. _________________: Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers

  33. __________________: Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

  34. What does this figure represent

  35. What does this picture represent

  36. What is happening to this population of fish. Be specific! LE 24-5 Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation

  37. Offspring with tetraploid karyo- types may be viable and fertile—a new biological species. Failure of cell division in a cell of a growing diploid plant after chromosome duplication gives rise to a tetraploid branch or other tissue. LE 24-8 Gametes produced by flowers on this tetraploid branch are diploid. 2n 2n = 6 4n = 12 4n

  38. Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes Unreduced gamete with 7 chromosomes LE 24-9 Hybrid with 7 chromosomes Viable fertile hybrid (allopolyploid) Meiotic error; chromosome number not reduced from 2n to n Species A 2n = 4 2n = 10 Normal gamete n = 3 Normal gamete n = 3 Species B 2n = 6

  39. LE 24-13 Time __________________________ ______________________

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