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Balloelectric genesis of intermediate ions (a synopsis)

This presentation provides a synopsis of the genesis and properties of intermediate ions in the atmosphere, focusing on the balloelectric effect. It explores the historical background, experimental studies, and theoretical understanding of these ions. The size, composition, and creation mechanisms of the ions are also discussed.

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Balloelectric genesis of intermediate ions (a synopsis)

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  1. Balloelectric genesisof intermediate ions (a synopsis) Hannes Tammet,Urmas Hõrrak, Kaupo Komsaare, Markku Kulmala

  2. CHRONOLOGY 1744: Richmann – air conductivity1785: Coulomb – rediscovery of air conductivity 1834:Faraday –term ion 1840: Faraday –explanation of Seghill incident1892: Lenard – studies of balloelectric effect1896: Thomson & Rutherford – mobility1899: Elster & Geitel – atmospheric small ions1905: Langevin – large ions1913: Christiansen – term balloelectric effect1915: Pollock – intermediate ions1937: Chapman – mobility of balloelectric ions1973: Siksna – water clathrates1999: Chaplin – water superclusters

  3. Annalen der Physik 1892 Philipp Eduard Antonvon Lénárd,a Magyar from Bratislava,Nobel Prize 1905 Lenard, P. (1915) Über Wasserfallelektrizität und über die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit der Flüssigkeiten. Annalen der Physik 47, 463–524.

  4. Previous work by the authorsof the presentation

  5. Experimental study of the “rain effect” on the mobility distribution of air ions. Experiments with water jet. U. Hõrrak, H. Tammet, E.Tamm, A. Mirme. Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia. E-mail: Urmas.Horrak@ut.ee Pikajärve, June 27–29. 2005

  6. Hõrrak, U., Tammet, H., Aalto, P.P., Vana, M., Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., Kulmala, M. (2006) Formation of Charged Nanometer Aerosol Particles Associated with Rainfall: Atmospheric Measurements and Lab Experiment. In Report Series in Aerosol Science, Helsinki, 81, 180-185. ?

  7. Size of the balloelectric ions H. Tammet, U. Hõrrak, M. Kulmala Pühajärve 2008

  8. 2009

  9. Raintime bursts of intermediate ions

  10. Tartu, Tähe 4 attic storey and roof

  11. A rainy day in Tartu, April 2004 Precipitation

  12. A rainy day in Hyytiälä, 6 December 2006.Air temperature +5.0…+8.5 ºC and RH 83…96% during the day.

  13. Average mobility distribution of negative atmospheric ions during the rain of different intensity in Hyytiälä.

  14. We can measure the mobility.How to estimate the size? Diameter = f (charge, mobility)THE PROBLEM:singly or multiply charged particles?

  15. Rayleigh limit charge Half of the Rayleigh limit Mobility of a typical balloelectric ion Single charge

  16. Idea of the neutralization experiment: Singly charged particles:The concentration decreases, but the mobility does not change. Multiply charged particles:The number concentration does not change, the mobility and the charge concentration decrease proportionally to each other.

  17. REPEATED MEASUREMENTSAT FOUR LEVELSOF NEUTRALIZATION

  18. Results of experiments: mobility decreases a little, far from the proportionality dn /d (log Z)cm-3 Concentration of neutralizing small ions, cm-3 Old particles are waned due to the evaporation Small ions Old particles are neutralized and do not affect this curve Large mobility → small size

  19. Conclusion:The balloelectric ions are mostly the singly charged nanometer particles anddiameter = f (1e, mobility)

  20. Composition: wateror dry residueof a droplet?

  21. The rainwater contains about 10 mg/l ofTDS (total dissolved solids). The waterworks water used in the experiments contains 550 mg/l of TDS. Conclusion: the dry residues of the waterworks water droplets should have 3-4 times bigger diameters when compared with the dry residues of the rainwater droplets. Let’s compare…

  22. Comparison of measurements at Hyytiälä SMEAR station (left)and results of the experiment with water jet (right)Size distributions of negative ions Rain event. Hyytiälä Laboratory water-jet. Tartu

  23. Blue – natural rain at Hyytiälä, green – natural rain at Tartu, red –laboratory experiment splashing the waterworks water

  24. Conclusion:The size of balloelectric ions does not depend on the TDS and they cannot be considered as dry residues of droplets.

  25. How the balloelectric ions are created ?

  26. Critical point: the surface tension requires a lot of energy to be saved in the surface of nanodroplets, where is the source? The speed of large raindrops is 6-7 m/s. If 100% of the kinetic energy is to be transformed into the surface energy then the required speed is: Dispersion of a raindrop fully into nanodrops seems to be impossible. However, the law of energy balance cannot exlude creating of a limited number of nanodrops. The nanometer scale processes during the splashing are hard to study and the mechanism of creating the nanodrops is almost unknown.

  27. Nobel prize winner 2002 John B. Fenn studied generating of ions of dissolved substances. (ESI = electrospray ionization) Wide field of ESI applications motivated research of Coulomb dispersion of droplets. Indeed, the fragments can be very small. However, they areMULTIPLY CHARGED

  28. Why they are not instantly evaporated ?

  29. The characteristic evaporation time of 2.5nm liquid water droplets at 10ºC and 100% relative humidity does not exceed 1 μs according to the kinetic theory. This time is about 7magnitudes less than the estimated time of passage of the air to the instrument and5 magnitudes less than the time of passage of the air through the analyzer. If theseestimates were true then the observation of 2.5nm droplets in the describedmeasurements would be recognized as impossible.

  30. WATER JET OPEN WATER JET CLOSED coarse – fine – fine + coarse +

  31. Conclusion:The balloelectric ions are not composed of the liquid water.ICE CRYSTALS ?CLUSTERS ?

  32. n = 21d = 1.06Z = 0.96 Lenard 1915 SIZE OF A BALLOELECTRIC ION CORRESPONDS TO200…300MOLECULES OF WATER

  33. Chaplin’s superclusters?

  34. Number of water molecules n = (πρd3 / 6) / (18 u) n  17.5 (d / 1 nm)3 n = 280 follows d = 2.52 nm. The water clusters known in mass spectrometry have maximum n = 21. Chaplin did not use mass spectrometry and does not refer experts like Beyer, Kebarle, Keesee and Castleman.He studied clusters not in the gas but in the water environment. Chaplin’s magic icosahedron has n = 20×14 = 280

  35. LINKS • http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water • http://www.waterjournal.org • http://www.mdpi.com/journal/water • http://water.sigmaxi.org/?page_id=39the last site contains a list of more than 60 journals related to water and hydrology

  36. Picturesfrom Chaplin’s web: Stable supercluster A superlcuster can break down during long time

  37. Distribution of balloelectric ions according to the number of water moleculesA, B, C ja D are levels of neutralizing ionization in the laboratory experiment

  38. Final conclusions:Nature of rain-induced intermediate ions seems to be the same as nature of balloelectric ions in laboratory and near waterfalls. We proved that the balloelectric ions are probably1) singly charged nanoparticles,2) not dry residues of droplets,3) not composed of classic liquid water,4) of size the Chaplin's 280-superclusters.We still don't know1) their actual composition, 2) how they are created, 3) why they are not instantly evaporated.

  39. Thank you for attention ! ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

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