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California

California. Geography. State v Culture Area (NOT same) Central Valley, Mountain, Coastal Rich marine, valley, & mountain Each w/dif. Resources/restrictions Bounded by Sierras, & Plateau. Subsistence. Generally Hunting and Gathering Agriculture possible, but not necessary

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California

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  1. California

  2. Geography • State v Culture Area (NOT same) • Central Valley, Mountain, Coastal • Rich marine, valley, & mountain • Each w/dif. Resources/restrictions • Bounded by Sierras, & Plateau

  3. Subsistence • Generally Hunting and Gathering • Agriculture possible, but not necessary • North and central regions had much more available food • Coast • Fish (halibut, salmon, sturgeon, and others) • Whale • Seal • Otter • Shellfish • Inland • Fish (halibut, salmon, sturgeon, and others) • Bear • Elk • Deer • Pronghorn • Sheep • All • Acorn • Pine nuts • Camas • Mesquite beans (in south)

  4. Technology • Utilized a variety of materials • Tule reeds • Grasses • Wood and bark • Bone • Shell • Stone, ground and flaked • Skins

  5. Technology • Types of technology varied depending on materials in a particular environment and specific needs of the local population • Canoes • Dugout (northern coastal, some valley) • Plank (southern coastal) • Tule reed (valley) • Housing • Food Acquisition/Processing

  6. Social Organization • Sedentary in north and central region, more mobile in south • Riverine or coastal settlement pattern in north, seasonal in south • Kroeber and the “Tribelet” • Predicted +/- 500 tribelets of +/- 500 persons in each (WAY underestimated) • Bean notes 12 just among the Cahuilla, with 50 distinct lineages throughout! • Hereditary (male) headman of wealth and prestige • Central village and satellites • Not bands as one might expect • Requires aid of shaman to “rule” (males in south, any in north) • Could be deposed • Tribelet is autonomous

  7. Social Organization • Lineages traced back 3-5 generations • Bridewealth common in north • North tends to matrilineal, patrilineal in south • Southern folks had loosely organized clans • Tribelets seemed to be generally peaceful with nearby, linguistically similar neighbors

  8. Beliefs • Animatism & animism • Individual shamans have power, male or female, through visions & demos • Elaborate rituals (Kuksu the Healer, White Deerskin and Jumping Dances, Toloache, First Salmon Rites)

  9. LanguagesPenutianHokanUto-AztecanIssue: Penutian Invasion?

  10. Additional Issues

  11. Additional Issues • Trade for Salt, Stone, Shells • Mission Period (1769-1821) • Assimilation • Conversion • Resource Acquisition

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