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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Classification of Organisms. How do we tell the difference between related individuals? Different first name Same last name Science is slightly different. Section 14.1. Categories of Biological Classification. Taxonomy. Taxonomy The science of naming and classifying organisms

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Classification of Organisms

  2. How do we tell the difference between related individuals? • Different first name • Same last name • Science is slightly different

  3. Section 14.1 Categories of Biological Classification

  4. Taxonomy • Taxonomy • The science of naming and classifying organisms • Created to make it easier to tell the difference between all organisms on Earth • Taxonomy uses Latin language

  5. A Simpler System • Binomial Nomenclature • Two-word system for naming organisms • Invented by Swedish scientist, Carl Linnaeus • First word = genus • Second word = species

  6. Scientific Names • Binomial nomenclature = scientific name • Genus • A taxonomic category containing similar species • Helps describe the difference between organisms with the same name • p. 301 – Table 1

  7. Classifying Organisms • Consists of 8 levels • p. 302 – fig. 2 • Starts with the most broad and ends with most specific descriptive

  8. Classifying Organisms • Domains • Contain similar kingdoms • Kingdom • Contain similar phyla • Phylum • Contain classes with similar characteristics • Class • Contain orders with similar characteristics • Order • Contain similar families • Family • Contain genera with similar characteristics • Genus • Contains species • Species

  9. Classifying Organisms • Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

  10. Create a Mnemonic • Create a mnemonic to remember the organization of the levels of classification in the correct order. • Ex: Do Kids Post Crap On Facebook? Generally So • Create your own and share with your table partner.

  11. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Hymenoptera Family Apidae Genus Apis Species Apis mellifera Classification of the Honeybee

  12. Section 14.2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

  13. With a partner, describe how you would organize a closet full of clothes so things seemed to be in a logical order. • Color • Long-sleeve • Short-sleeve • Fabric • Buttons • No buttons • Hoods • No hoods

  14. What is a Species? • Biological Species • A group of natural populations that are interbreeding or could interbreed, and that are reproductively isolated from other similar groups. • Reproductive Isolation • Occurs when a barrier separates two or more groups of organisms and prevents them from interbreeding • Hybrid • Occurs if individuals of different species interbreed

  15. Number of Species • Many more species exist than are described • New species are being discovered • There are currently around 1.5 million species • Scientists believe there are 5 to 10 million species (in the tropics alone) that have not yet been described • The earth is more diverse than we think

  16. Evolutionary History • Phylogeny • Evolutionary history of an organism • Convergent evolution • Organisms may have similar characteristics due to developing in similar habitats • Analogous characters • Similarities that occur due to convergent evolution • Wings of birds and insects

  17. Cladistics • Cladistics • Method of analysis that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on shared characteristics • Ancestral character • Occurs when the characteristic is found in common ancestors • Backbone of birds and mammals

  18. Cladistics • Derived character • Evolved in an ancestor of one group but not another • Birds have feathers and mammals don’t • Cladogram • Branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

  19. Data Lab – p. 309 • Materials (per group): • Whiteboard • 1 marker • Eraser • Task • Create a cladogram for the 3 plants. • Answer the 3 Analysis Questions on your whiteboard

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