Digitizing the Harvard Observatory Plate Collection

1. Digitizing the Harvard Observatory Plate Collection Scanning the “Historic Sky”

2. “The first optical sky survey which we know about is a poem. Phaenomena, by Aratus (c. 350 BC). It set out the shape of the constellation figures and the stars which form them. Aratus’ survey is based on one now lost, by Eudoxus, who visited Alexandria for the purpose of examining the records of observations kept in the library and for consultation with the scholars there – these observations were originally made about 2000 BC, perhaps from Minos in Crete. rjs

3. Aratus gave some interpretations from his survey in the form of navigational and weather lore; a more scientifically valuable interpretation was made by Hipparchus two centuries afterwards. He noticed that parts of the sky described by Aratus (the southern parts of the constellation Argo) were no longer visible above the horizon seen from Greece, and other parts that were visible had no described constellations. This was due to a change in the tilt in the earths axis relative to the stars – Hipparchus thus discovered precession.” P.G. Murdin – Welcoming address: Two Thousand Years of Optical Sky Surveys Proceedings of the conference on “Digitised Optical Sky Surveys” Edinburgh, Scotland, June 1991 rjs

4. This story illustrates the collection of a wonderful data base, it’s transformation into another form, the loss of the original data, and the unpredictability of the timeframe of the science that may come from later observations using that data in new and different ways. rjs

5. The world’s collection of astronomical photographic images (estimated at 2 million glass plates) represents the costly output of over a century of devotion and skill by myriad astronomers. Harvard’s collection comprises 25% of the total and is by far the largest, oldest, and most complete covering both the northern and southern sky. rjs

6. Harvard’s and the worldwide collections are already nominally in the public domain, but as a resource they are seriously under-exploited. The main reasons are • Lack of information in digital form aboutthe plates, and • (b) Lack of digital versions of the observations. rjs Udpac.oma.be/fido.ovid.html section II

7. Before photography, astronomer’s eyes were their only sensing device and hand drawing was the means of permanent recording. This severely limited the science they could accomplish. rjs

8. The first daguerrotype of the moon was made by American physiologist J.W. Draper in 1840, involving a full 20 minute exposure. The first star was not recorded until 1850, when director of Harvard Observatory W.C. Bond and Boston photographer J.A. Whipple took a daguerrotype of Vega. rjs

9. The first photographic sky surveys were done at Harvard during the period of 1882-1886, each photograph covering 15 degree squares of sky and reaching as faint as 8th magnitude stars. Harvard Observatory now has ~ 500,000 photographs, by far the largest collection in the world. These record the most complete sky coverage of both the northern and southern sky over the longest time period – 1880 to 1989 rjs

10. The “analog” storage of data on these photographic plates represents about 200 Terabytes of digital data. Until now, despite the desire to convert the plates to a digital form, it was not technically or economically feasible to either scan the plates or store the resulting data. We believe that it is now both possible and feasible! rjs

11. The worldwide astronomical community naturally looks to Harvard to lead the way in the effort to make 100+ years of collected sky “history” available in digital format and online, providing the “Virtual Observatory” a “Telescope” into the past. rjs

12. The earliest record to give quantitive information on the brightness of stars is in Books VII and VIII of the Almagest by Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) (c. AD 100 – c. AD170) The star catalogue of the Algamest lists ~1000 stars in 48 constellations and gives each a magnitude on a scale from one to six. Ptolemy says almost nothing in the Almagest about how he defines magnitude. The original work is no longer available but numerous manuscripts from the ninth to sixteenth centuries have survived. “The measurement of starlight” J B Hernshaw rjs

13. Photography enabled “offline” instruments to be used to measure the sky. There are three fundamental types of measurements. Astrometric –the proper position and motion of stars Photometric –the brightness of stars Spectroscopic –the positions of the absorption lines of a star’s spectra that allow classification of star types rjs

14. Photo –metrics Measuring brightness Gauthiers Maromicrometre, 1886 Astro – metrics Measuring positions rjs

15. Harvard’s first astronomy “computers” rjs

16. Automating the Measurements PMM (NRO -1988) 1886 The Grant 2 Measuring Engine-1967 Gaertner single screw engine 1916 Astrometric Photometric 1916 Tautenburg-1995 Jan Schilt Photometer -1922 Perkin-Elmer PDS -1980 rjs

17. The PMM, the last machine designed in the US (~1988) scanned ~ 20,000 plates over it’s lifetime. It is currently retired. No machine of this type has been designed in the United States since then! Machines of the PMM era took ~1- 4 hours to scan a 14 x 14 inch plate. rjs

18. To scan the large libraries of historic plates, we need a machine that can scan ~ 200 times faster than the machines designed 20+ years ago. The machine should have sub-micron positional accuracy and photometric density measurements with at least 12 bits of true dynamic range. It should be able to scan an 8 x 10 inch plate in about thirty seconds and a 14 x 17 inch plate in a little over a minute. rjs

19. Using technology common to semiconductor wafer and flat panel display inspection stations, a machine can be built today that can accomplish this ultra fast, ultra precise scanning. In less than two minutes, such a machine will generate enough data to fill a DVD that can store a three hour movie. rjs

20. The scanner must provide astrometric and photometric accuracy while generating archival quality digital data Two cameras can scan two 8 x 10 inch plates simultaneously or one camera scans a single 14 x 17 inch plate Cameras are capable of ~10 frames per second. Each camera takes ~ 250 pictures in 50 seconds. 4 exposures for each of ~63 sites for 8 x 10 plates. Special Fixturing to hold 14 x 17, 14 x 14,10 x 10, 2(8 x 10), and smaller plates as needed. 48” ~55” rjs

21. Online storage is the only practical – and the most useful – way to store this deluge of data. Hard disk storage has become more cost effective than photographic film or paper. It is now less than $1 per Gigabyte. rjs

22. The “Virtual Observatory” envisioned for archiving current and future observational data should have this cornerstone data of the “Historic Sky” Much of what is on these plates has not be mined completely because all of the data reduction was done by hand. But the data reduced by hand from these plates laid the foundation for modern astronomical science. rjs

23. What will it take to digitize and store online Harvard’s plate collection? Total time - 5 years Total Program - $5M Total storage ~ ½ Petabyte Run rate ~ $1M/year rjs

24. Year 1 – develop and test the scanner Year 2, 3, 4 – Scan in the bulk of the plates Year 5 – set up for scan on demand, finish archival storage, document the project Storage will be purchased incrementally throughout the project rjs

25. The scanner and facility development ~$250K People costs to scan the ~ 500,000 plates 4 plate handlers and 2 programmers ~$2.5M The 500 Terabyes of reliable online Storage + $ to endow its operation ~ $2.25M rjs

26. The foundation and development of Harvard Observatory has been due in large part to private gifts. Harvard’s rich heritage of photographs in particular is largely due to the generosity of Miss Catherine Wolfe Bruce, Mrs. Henry Draper and the hard work of women like Williamina Fleming, Antonia Maury, Henrietta Leavitt, and Annie Cannon. It would be altogether fitting to have private gifts or grants preserve and make this “Historic Sky” treasure trove accessible to future generations of astronomers. Once digitized, modern computing techniques can be used to “mine” this extensive dataset. rjs