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Media Coverage of War: World War I and II, Vietnam

This week we will explore the media coverage of wars, starting with World War I and continuing with World War II and Vietnam. We will also discuss the causes of World War I, the involvement of the United States, and the role of propaganda in selling the war at home.

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Media Coverage of War: World War I and II, Vietnam

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  1. JAMM 445 History of Mass Media Week 11: Media Coverage of War

  2. This week Media coverage of war • Today: World War I (Voices, ch. 11) • Friday: World War II, Vietnam

  3. Next week Media coverage of war • Monday: Gulf Wars I and II • Turn in Oral-History reports • Wednesday: TBD • Friday, April 29: 2nd exam (short answer and one essay)

  4. Week of May 2 Oral-history presentations: • M: News • W: Sports, photography • F: Advertising, production, business One Powerpoint slide, 3-4 mins. of highlights Check roster today, check off completed interviews

  5. Second exam • Spring Break to present • 5 compare/contrast, 1 essay in class • 1 take-home essay: • Handed out May 4, due May 13 (12 noon)

  6. Quote of the Day “The last war, during the years of 1915, 1916, 1917 was the most colossal, murderous, mismanaged butchery that has ever taken place on earth. Any writer who said otherwise lied. So the writers either wrote propaganda, shut up, or fought.” --Ernest Hemingway

  7. Allies France Great Britain Russia (pre-1917) United States (after 1917) Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire (Turkey) World War I: Combatants

  8. World War I: Causes • Fervent nationalism in Europe • Arms race of previous decades • Intricate system of alliances • Poor diplomatic communications • Inflexible military planning

  9. Why the U.S. got involved • Economic ties to Allies • 1915: Sinking of Lusitania • 1917: Zimmerman telegram • Anti-German propaganda (by British) • Unrestricted submarine warfare (by Germany)

  10. Why the U.S. got involved Woodrow Wilson • President, 1912-1920 • Election of 1916: “He kept us out of war.” • 1917: “The world must be made safe for democracy.” • April 6, 1917: Asks Congress to declare war

  11. Why the U.S. got involved “Once lead this people into war and they’ll forget there ever was such a thing as tolerance. To fight, you must be brutal and ruthless, and the spirit of ruthless brutality will enter into the very fiber of our national life….” --Woodrow Wilson, 1917

  12. World War I: U.S. • VIDEO: ‘The Great War: Democracy’

  13. Selling the War at Home Committee on Public Information George Creel, director • Coordinator of government news • Public relations: “a national ideology” • Promote morale on home front: • press releases, news digests, newsreels • Anti-German propaganda: posters, etc.

  14. Anti-German Propaganda • U.S., Britain portrayed Germans as monsters • Goal: Dehumanize the enemy

  15. Anti-German Propaganda • For the war to continue, it became necessary “to make the English hate the Germans as they had never hated anyone before.” --Robert Graves, historian

  16. Anti-GermanPropaganda • ‘Before the weapon comes the image. We think others to death and then invent the battle-axe or ballistic missiles with which to actually kill them.” --Sam Keen, Faces of the Enemy

  17. World War I Legislation • 1917: Espionage Act • 1918: Sedition Amendment • 1918: Trading With the Enemy Act

  18. Sedition Amendment • ...made it illegal to write or publish any “disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language about the form of government, the Constitution, military or naval forces, the flag or the uniform, or to use language to bring those ideas or institutions into contempt or disrepute.”

  19. Restrictions on the press • Denial of 2nd-class mailing permit • Refusal to allow papers to mail • Indictment, arrest of socialist editors • Victor Berger, Milwaukee Leader

  20. Suppression of dissent • Eugene V. Debs • Socialist party leader and presidential candidate (1912) • Arrested for violating Sedition Amendment after anti-war speech • Served 3 years in prison

  21. George Seldes • American journalist, 1890-1995 • Interviewed in 1988 • VIDEO: Tell the Truth and Run • The War for Peace

  22. Reading for next class Voices, Chapter 14: World War II; Chapter 16: Vietnam

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