Chapter 7 & 8

1. Chapter 7 & 8 Water Cycle & Weather Patterns

2. salinity • Measure of how salty water is. • Ocean water is more salty in some places than in other places.

3. Lesson 1 • Water plays a huge role in our lives. • All the water on earth =. • Covers a little less than ¾ of the Earths surface. • Only 3% of the hydrosphere is in other places other than the ocean. • Ocean is the largest and deepest Ocean. • is the measure of how salty water is.

4. Review • What is all the water on Earth called? • What percent of Earth’s surface does the hydrosphere make up? • Which ocean is the largest and deepest? • What is the measure of salt in the ocean called?

5. Auquifer • the layer of rock and soil that groundwater flows through. • If too much groundwater is pumped out of an aquifer, the water table in the area will drop.

6. Water Table • The top level of groundwater in an aquifer. • The level of a water table changes during the year. It will rise when water is added by rain or melting snow. • It will become lower when there is a drought.

7. Reservoir • An artificial lake that forms behind a dam. • The water in the reservoir is used for irrigating farm land.

8. Lesson 2 Fresh water • Less than 3% of Earth’s water is fresh water. • water is also called fresh water. • Almost all fresh water starts as rain or . Groundwater • Water(rain/melted snow) that soaks into the ground is called. • The layer of rock and soil that hold the groundwater is an . • The top level of groundwater in an aquifer is the . • If we do not use groundwater wisely, some aquifers may become dry.

9. Rivers • Surface waters include rivers, streams, and lakes. • The area from which water drains into a river is called the river’s . Lake • Lakes form when the water collects in the a low spot on the ground. Water from a lake can leave a lake by flowing into a river, seeping into the ground, or by . Ice • About 7/10 or of Earth’s fresh water is frozen into ice. • Much of the ice is on Greenland and Antarctica. • – large pieces of ice floating in the ocean. • When ocean water freezes the ice is not . The salt is pushed out.

10. Review 1) Less than% of Earth’s water is fresh water. 2) What is an aquifer? 3) What is the top level of ground water called? 4) What % of Earth’s fresh water is frozen? • Is ice salty? If not why isn’t it? • What is an iceberg?

11. Evaporation • The changing of a liquid into gas. • Evaporation occurs faster if it is warmer and also if there is wind.

12. condensation • the changing of a gas into a liquid. • Condensation does not happen only in the making of clouds. • Condensation also forms dew.

13. precipitation • water leaving clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. • Precipitation is very important to everyday life. It helps keep all of our plants alive.

14. sublimation • when ice turns into water vapor without first melting. • Sublimation happens more slowly than evaporation. • Lower temperatures slow the rate of sublimation.

15. Lesson 3 • Earth’s water does not sit still. • Water surrounds us all the time!! Water Cycle - repeated movement of water through the environment. • These steps can be affected by temp., wind, pressure, and the elevation of the land. • – changing of liquid water to water vapor. • Condensation – water vapor turns into liquid. Droplets in clouds or dew. • – water falls from clouds as rain, sleet, snow, or hail. • Sublimation – ice changing into water vapor without first melting. • Ice crystals that form on surfaces are called .

16. The water cycle has many paths that it can take, and it isn’t always in the water cycle. It can be inside living things!! • has a major effect on the water cycle. The heat from the sun helps things evaporate, melt, and go through sublimation. • Energy is needed to raise water vapor to the clouds and move it by winds. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hehXEYkDq_Y

17. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/weather-and-climate/water-cycle.htmhttp://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/weather-and-climate/water-cycle.htm

18. Review • Name the 4 parts of the water cycle. • What is the changing of liquid water to water vapor called? • Name 3 different types of precipitation • What is condensation? • What has the most effect on the water cycle?

19. sleet • frozen rain drops. • Sleet and hail are not the same, they form in different ways.

20. Lesson 4 • have an important part in the water cycle. • Clouds form when water vapor changes into tiny water or ice crystals. • Different types of clouds form at different . • Air affects the forming of clouds. • Clouds often form when air moves to areas of less air pressure.

21. Clouds Cloud types • – high altitude thin, wispy, and white • Cumulonimbus – thunderheads, often cause thunderstorms. • Altocumulus – mid altitude, look like small cotton balls. • Stratus – cover the whole sky, look dark. • – cloud at ground level. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/weather-and-climate/clouds-and-precipitation.htm

22. Most rain in the US starts as . • The ice crystals from a cloud may change as they fall through different layers of air. • If the air is warm the crystals will turn into rain. • If the air near the ground is very cold, the rain sometimes freezes before it hits the ground, called. • Hail forms when strong winds blow upward into a cloud. As it is blown around in the cloud it gets bigger and bigger and eventually falls to the ground.

23. Front • a boundary between two air masses. • A front gets its name from the kind of air that moves into an area.

24. Air Mass • a large body of air with similar properties all through it. • Air that stays over an area for some time takes on properties of that area and becomes an air mass.

25. Lesson 2 What are air masses? • Generally, the kind of weather you have at any time is because of the air mass in your area. • Some kinds of weather only happen at the of air masses. • cause air masses to move. • A is a boundary between two air masses. Most air masses move from to east. • A front gets its name from the kind of air that moves into the area. Ex. Cold front brings air in. • If a front doesn’t move much it is called a front. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/weather-and-climate/air-masses-and-fronts.htm

26. Review • Where do some kinds of weather only happen? • What causes air masses to move? • What is a front? • A warm front brings what kind of air into an area? • If a front doesn’t move much it is called a front?

27. Lesson 3 – What causes severe weather? • Sometimes the water cycle can lead to severe weather. • Thunderstorms • Tornadoes • Hurricanes • – means storms have formed and you should be ready for them. • Watch – means that storms might form. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/weather-and-climate/severe-storms.htm

28. Lightning • Lightning is a large electrical spark moving between areas of opposite charge. • The high temp. from lightning causes the air to expand so rapidly that it makes vibrations in the air, which is . • Lightning often hits objects. You don’t want to be under trees or high towers.

29. Review • Name three different types of severe weather caused by the water cycle. • Does a warning or a watch mean that storms have formed and you should take cover? • What causes thunder? • Should you stand underneath a tree when it is lightning?

30. Barometer • a tool used to measure air pressure. • In some barometers, air pressure pushes mercury up a tube. Some of them are sealed containers.

31. anemometer • a tool used to measure wind speed. • Wind makes the cups of the anemometer spin around.

32. Rain Gauge • Measures how much rain has fallen. • The top of the rain gauge may be wider than the bottom to catch more rain when small amounts fall.

33. Lesson 4 • Weather tools • – shows air pressure • Anemometer – measures speed. • – measures how much rain has fallen. • Hygrometer – measures the moisture in the air • Radar – measures the winds and precipitation inside a storm. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/weather-and-climate/weather-instruments.htm

34. Weather Forecasting • Weather forecasters observe many patterns of weather change. They make about how the air, land, and the steps of the water cycle affect each other to make weather systems. • They make their predictions based on weather. • Forecasters use weather maps to show current weather conditions and what they predict will happen. • Fronts are always in places of low pressure. Often bring weather. • Areas of pressure, away from fronts have clear skies.

35. Review • Which weather tool measures air pressure? • What does an anemometer measure? • What weather tool measures the winds and precipitation inside storms? • Where are fronts always located? Low or high pressure

36. Climate • the average of weather conditions over a long time. • Climate includes things like the average amount of precipitation, the average temperature, and how much the temperature changes during the year.

38. Lesson 5 • Weather and climate are not the same. • Weather is just what is happening in a amount of time. • is the average of weather conditions over a long time – usually 30 yrs. Average temp. , average precipitation. • Landforms and oceans can effect climate. Ex. Mountains. • slow the rise and fall of the air temp. • Climates can change! Usually this happens . • Fossils can help scientists learn about climates in times before written records. • Many things could cause climate change . – volcanic eruptions, asteroid and meteorite impacts, carbon dioxide, methane, and other human activities. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUiwtVSkUwQ

39. Review • What is the difference between climate and weather? • Name two things that can affect climate. • Do climates change slow or fast? • What are two things that could cause a climate to change? http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/weather-and-climate/weather-and-climate.htm