SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS

1. SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS AP Human geography Spring 2013 Chapters 12 & 13

2. USA at Night http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVACTOY7E5c&feature=player_embedded#!

3. World at Night

4. Services • Service = any activity that fulfills a human want or need • Services are located in settlements • Location of services is important for profitability • Affluent regions tend to offer more services • Local diversity is evident in the provision of services

5. Where Did Services Originate? • Three types of services • Consumer services • About 44 percent of all jobs in the United States • Business services • About 24 percent of all jobs in the United States • Public services • About 17 percent of all jobs in the United States • In the United States, all employment growth has occurred in the services sector

6. Percentage of GDP from Services, 2006 Over two-thirds of workers are employed in the service sector in most MDCs, while a less than one-half are in the service sector in most LDCs. Where Did Services Originate?

7. Employment Change in the U.S. by Sector All of the growth in employment since 1970 has been in the tertiary sector, whereas employment has remained unchanged in the primary and secondary sectors. Within the tertiary sector the greatest increase has occurred in professional services. Where Did Services Originate?

8. Services in early rural settlements • Early consumer services met societal needs • Examples = burial of the dead, religious centers, manufacturing centers • Early public services probably followed religious activities • Early business services to distribute and store food Where Did Services Originate?

9. Ancient Cities • Services in early urban settlements • Services in ancient cities • Earliest urban settlements (e.g., Ur, CatalTitris- Höyük), Athens, Rome Where Did Services Originate?

10. Ancient Ur Ur, in modern-day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. The ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by a dense network of residences Where Did Services Originate?

11. Catal (Titris) Höyük, Turkey Schematic reconstruction drawing of a section of Level VI, ÇatalHöyük, Turkey, ca. 6000–5900 BCE. (after J. Mellaart). Landscape with volcanic eruption(?) / goddess(?),wall painting from - Level VII, ÇatalHöyük, Turkey,ca. 6150 BCE. Where Did Services Originate?

12. Athens, Greece The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 B.C., still dominates the skyline of modern Athens. Where Did Services Originate?

13. Medieval Cities • Services in medieval cities • Largest settlements were in Asia • European cities developed with feudalism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p53kJX64ieQ Where Did Services Originate?

14. Brugge, Belgium Brugge (or Bruges) was a major port and wool Manufacturing center from the 12th century. It is marked by squares surrounded by public buildings. Where Did Services Originate?

15. Paris, France Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to include new neighborhoods as the city grew. Where Did Services Originate?

16. Medieval cities Carcassonne, France. These cities were often surrounded by walls for protection. The walls have been demolished in most places, but they still stand around the medieval center of Carcassonne. Where Did Services Originate?

17. Where Are Contemporary Services Located? • Services in rural settlements • Half of the world’s population lives in rural settlements • Two types • Clustered rural settlements • Circular or linear • Clustered settlements in Colonial America • Dispersed rural settlements • In the United States • In Great Britain • Enclosure movement

18. Clustered Rural Settlements Zulu Village Circular Rural Settlements Kraal village in southern Africa, which have enclosures for the livestock in the center, surrounded by a ring of houses. Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

19. Rural Settlement Patterns Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

20. Gewandorf Settlements, Germany The services present in rural settlements are:1.Agriculture2.Personal Servicesa.Religious Structuresb.Schools3.Handful of Public, Retail, and Producer Services Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

21. Linear Rural Settlements French log-lot system houses were erected along a river, principal water source, Narrow lots – perpendicular to the river so each original settler had river access. This would later be used in Louisiana by the French. Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

22. Clustered Settlements in Colonial America Public buildings are grouped around a “common” which was used as a pasture. Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

23. Services in urban settlements • Differences between urban and rural settlements • Large size • High density • Social heterogeneity • Increasing percentage of people in cities • Increasing number of people in cities • MDCs have higher % of urban residents, but LDCs have more of the very large urban settlements. Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

24. Percentage of Population Living in Urban Settlements Population of urban settlements exceeded that of rural settlements for the first time in human history in 2008. (urbanization) Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

25. Urban Settlements With Populations of at Least 3 Million Rapid growth of urban settlements in LDCs reflects increasing overall population plus migration from rural areas. Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

26. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? • Central place theory • First proposed by Walter Christaller (1930s) • Characteristics • A central place has a market area (or hinterland) • Size of a market area • Range • Threshold

27. “Daily Urban Systems” Delineated by functional ties, especially commuting, to the nearest metropolitan area. Everyone in the US has access to services in at least one large settlement. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

28. Central Place Theory Consumer services and business services do not have the same distribution. Consumer services generally follow a regular pattern based on size of settlements. Business services cluster in specific settlements, creating a specialized pattern. A central place is a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area. Central places compete against each other. This competition creates a regular pattern of settlements, according to the central place theory. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

29. The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is the market area or hinterland . To establish the market area, a circle is drawn around the node. The closer to the periphery of the circle, the greater is the percentage of consumers who will choose to obtain services from other nodes. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

30. Central Place Theory Why hexagons to delineate market areas? Circles are equidistant from center to edge, but they overlap or leave gaps. Squares nest together without gaps, but their sides are not equidistant from the center. The hexagon is a compromise. Offers a compromise between the geometric properties of circles and squares. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

31. Central Place Theory Market areas are arranged into a regular pattern according to central place theory, with larger settlements fewer and further apart. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

32. Market-area analysis • Profitability of a location • Compute the range- Maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. Miles or Time??? • Compute the threshold- Minimum number of people needed to support the service. Think: If you were a developer, what would you take into consideration? • Draw the market area • Optimal location within a market • Best location in a linear settlement • Best location in a nonlinear settlement Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

33. According to geographers, the best location is the one that minimizes the distance to the services for the largest number of people. Gravity Model – predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

34. Supermarket and Convenience Store Market Areas Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas and ranges than convenience stores.- Why? Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

35. Optimal Location for a Pizza-Delivery Service Geo-Pizza should located between 7th and 6th streets – Why? Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

36. Hierarchy of services and settlements • Nesting • Market areas in MDCs = a series of hexagons of various sizes • Rank-size distribution of settlements – ranking settlements from largest to smaller(population) or hierarchy. • Primate city rule • Primate cities • Periodic markets- services at the lower end of the Central Place Hierarchy • Collection of individuals who come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

37. Walter Christaller – Central Place Theory Nesting Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

38. PRIMATE CITY STATUS A country’s leading city is always proportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. - Mark Jefferson Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

39. PRIMATE CITY STATUS Not all countries have a primate city • India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata • China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

40. PRIMATE CITY of the World • New York, New York • The City That Never Sleeps! Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

41. RANK-SIZE RULE The country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. The second-largest city is one-half the size of the largest, the fourth-largest city is one-fourth the size of the largest, and so on. - George Zipf Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

42. Rank-Size Distribution in theUnited States and Indonesia Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

43. RANK-SIZE RULE ? • Paris (2.2 million) vs. Marseilles (800,000) • London (6.9 million) vs. • Birmingham (1 million) • Mexico City (21.8 million) • vs. Guadalajara (3.7 million) Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

44. Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements? • Hierarchy of business services • Services in world cities • Business: clustering of services is a product of the Industrial Revolution (transportation and communications) • Consumer: retail services with extensive market areas • May include leisure services of national importance due to large thresholds, large ranges, and the presence of wealthy patrons. • Public: world cities are often the center of national or international political power

45. World Cities World cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

46. Business services in LDCs • Offshore financial services • Two functions: • Taxes – low or nonexistent • Privacy - businesses or individuals evade disclosure in their home countries • Back offices - business process outsourcing (BPO) Ex. Call centers. • LDCs are attractive because of: • Low wages • Ability to speak English (many Asian countries) Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

47. Business-Service Cities in the U.S. Below the world cities in the hierarchy of U.S. cities are command and control centers, specialized producer-service centers, and dependent centers. Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

48. Economic base of settlements • Two types: • Basic industries – exports primarily to consumers outside he settlement. • Nonbasicindustries – enterprises whose customers live in the same community – consumer services. • Specialization of cities in different services • Distribution of talent Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

49. Economic Base of U.S. Cities Cities that have a high proportion of their labor force engaged in the specified economic activity shown. Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

50. Distribution of Talent Individuals possessing special talents are not distributed uniformly among cities. The principal reason enticing talented individuals to cluster in some cities more than others is cultural rather than economic. Significant positive relationship between the distribution of talent and the distribution of diversity in the largest U.S. cities. Attracting talented individuals is important for a city, because these individuals are responsible for promoting economic growth and innovation. Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?