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Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution. World History | Chapter 25. The Beginnings of Industrialization . The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries. Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England?. Britain has natural resources — coal, iron, rivers, harbors

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Industrial Revolution

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  1. Industrial Revolution World History | Chapter 25

  2. The Beginnings ofIndustrialization The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries.

  3. Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England? • Britain has natural resources— coal, iron, rivers, harbors • Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment • Britain has all needed factors of production — land, labor, capital

  4. Geography 1. What one generalization can be made about virtuallyall of the major industrial areas in Great Britain in1850?

  5. Geography 2. Which is the only industrial area that is not in a coal producing region?

  6. Geography 3. What was the major industrial activity around Durham in north England?

  7. Charles Dickens

  8. From farms to cities • Industrial Revolution — greatly increases output of machine-made goods • Enclosures — large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges • Factories pay more than farms • Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers • Crop rotation — switching crops each year to avoid depleting the soil

  9. Review • What were four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain? • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. Large population of workers Extensive Natural Resources Expanding Economy Political Stability

  10. ENGLAND: a leader nation • GETS THE JUMP ON COMPETITION + • FORCED TO UNDERGO “TRIAL AND ERROR” ON MACHINES – • SLOWLY BUILDS FROM ‘BOTTOM UP’ + • ENCOUNTERS ‘MASSIVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS” CONTINENT DOESN’T – • CONTROLS “INDUSTRIAL ‘PSYCHIC’ CLIMATE ” +

  11. Transportation • Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine • first steamboat • first railroad line

  12. Cities turn into slums • Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums • Life span in one large city is only 17 years • Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes • Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes • Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection

  13. Working Conditions • Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round • Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers • Many coal miners killed by coal dust • Child labor

  14. Economics • Laissez faire — Economic idea of government NOT interfering or regulating businesses • Adam Smith — laissez faire defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations • Believed in “natural laws of economics”: an invisible hand would guide the economy

  15. Adam Smith Economic liberty guarantees economic progress Smith’s 3 economic natural laws — 1) self-interest 2)competition 3) supply and demand

  16. UTILITARIANISM • POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY in late 1700’S by JEREMY BENTHAM • GOVERNMENT SHOULD HAVE POLICIES THAT PROMOTE GREATEST GOOD FOR GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE • JS MILL FURTHERED UTILITARIANISM • UNREGULATED CAPITALISM IS WRONG • Womens’ rights; agric. co-ops; equal division of profits; legal, prison, educational reforms

  17. Karl Marx Communist Manifesto 1848 believe society is divided into warring classes Capitalism helps “haves” (employers) Hurts “have-nots,” (workers) BOURGEOISIE = MIDDLE CLASS PROLETARIAT = WORKERS

  18. KARLMARX Predicted workers would overthrow the capitalists in a revolution Only proletariat would exist and rule Eventually the State will wither away • “Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!” • “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” • The Communist Manifesto did NOT influence the Revolutions of 1848

  19. Karl Marx Communism— society where people own, share the means of production Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba Marx’s version of communism was NOT a dictatorship. Has never really been tried.

  20. Improvements

  21. UNIONS 8-HOUR WORK DAY 1 ½ PAY FOR OVER 40 HOURS VACATIONS HEALTH BENEFITS PENSIONS SAFER CONDITIONS NO CHILD LABOR • COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: UNIONS REPRESENTED ALL WORKERS ALL AT ONCE (PAY, WORKING CONDITIONS) • STRIKES: IF DEMANDS NOT MET, WORKERS WOULDN’T WORK

  22. UNIONS REFORMS HARD FOUGHT TO GET OCCURRED OVER LONG TIME PERIOD ENTERED INTO LAWS WHICH HELPED SOCIETY • UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE: RIGHT TO VOTE FOR ALL PEOPLE (ORIGINALLY ONLY LAND-OWNING MEN) • CHARTIST MOVEMENT: GIVE WORKERS RIGHT TO VOTE

  23. UNIONS JANE ADDAMS AND HULL HOUSE MOTHER JONES • AS TIME PASSED OTHER REFORMS OCCURRED HELPED ON BY UNION ACTIVITY: • END OF SLAVERY • WOMEN’S RIGHTS • PUBLIC EDUCATION • PRISON REFORM

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