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Agriculture, the Fast Food Nation(s), and Genetically Modified Organisms

Agriculture, the Fast Food Nation(s), and Genetically Modified Organisms. Outline. Fast Food Fries Big Macs Chicken Nuggets Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Risks and benefits Types New Areas. Fast Food Nation. The Jungle - Upton Sinclair (1906) Super Size Me

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Agriculture, the Fast Food Nation(s), and Genetically Modified Organisms

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  1. Agriculture, the Fast Food Nation(s), and Genetically Modified Organisms BIOL 2041

  2. Outline • Fast Food • Fries • Big Macs • Chicken Nuggets • Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) • Risks and benefits • Types • New Areas BIOL 2041

  3. Fast Food Nation • The Jungle - Upton Sinclair (1906) • Super Size Me • Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser • More money on fast food than higher education • How has fast food changed agriculture?? BIOL 2041

  4. French Fries • The potato: a brief history • Became popular in the 1920s in NA • Important to the early success of McDonalds • Potato and NA/European diet • $0.30 -> $$6.00 (Profit!!!!) • Of $1.50 worth of fries, $0.02 goes to farmer->corporate farms BIOL 2041

  5. Impact • Fast food needs • Uniformity “One world, one taste” • Constant supply • Increased productivity (Idaho) • Tonnage of potatoes (doubled) • Yield/acre (increased 30%) • Increased inputs, I.e. mechanization, fertilizer, irrigation, pesticides • Need for larger farms and less farmers BIOL 2041

  6. Big Macs and you • Cattle • Soil compaction • Overgrazing • Erosion • Loss of biodiversity • BSE? BIOL 2041

  7. Big Macs and you • Feedlots, • Aesthetics • Runoff • slaughter houses and meatpacking • Then: A respectable, well-paying union job • Enter the “disassembly line” • Now: A job for illegal, illiterate, immigrants • Very dangerous BIOL 2041

  8. The Chicken Nugget • History • Health – very poor choice • “Bulk agricultural commodity into a manufactured, value-added product” • Business • Ensure constant supply • Tyson Foods • Chickens BIOL 2041

  9. Genetically Modified Organisms Food supply • 15 crop species and 8 livestock species = 90% of world’s food supply • Artificial Selection • What is a GMO? • Reduced breeding cycles • New and improved agricultural varieties BIOL 2041

  10. Pest control • Insect control • Bacillus thruringiensis (Bt) • Gene for Bt toxin introduced to plants • Benefits: Decreased pesticide use • Costs: Resistance? BIOL 2041

  11. Weed control and herbicide resistance • 275 million kg of herbicide/year in US • Damage crops and increase pests/pathogens • Herbicide resistant crops • Heavy use of herbicide • Less use: the timing must be right • Rapid break down of pesticide • Transfer genes to wild species = super weed BIOL 2041

  12. New areas • Pest control • 2000 plants have insecticidal properties • 700 substances in bacteria and fungi have fungicidal properties • What about super bugs?? • Disease resistance (less fungicides) • Vaccines for livestock • Drought resistance • 5 million l of water for 1 ha of corn BIOL 2041

  13. New Areas (cont) • Salt tolerance • Nitrogen fixation in crops • Perennial grain crops • Improve recycling of toxic wastes • Improved palatability of fruits BIOL 2041

  14. Questionable areas • Bovine Growth Hormone • Native organisms • Crops to weeds? BIOL 2041

  15. GMO,ethics, and the real world • GMOs are very expensive • Yields are no better than existing varieties • Banned in Europe • Patenting life? • The Monsanto case • Is it playing God? • Alternatives: Integrated Pest Management!! BIOL 2041

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