Ch 6, WWI.

1. Ch 6, WWI. “The Great War”

2. Sec. I. The U.S. Enters WWI.  President Wilson pledged to “strike a new note in international affairs.”

3. A. Mexican Revolution. • From 1884 to 1911, dictator Porfirio Díaz ruled Mexico; supported by a few wealthy landowners while most were poor and landless, led to revolution in 1911 forcing Díaz to flee. • Francis Madero replaced Diaz with a constitutional gov’t; General Victoriano Huerta overthrew Medero and presumably had him assassinated.

4. 1. April 1914, Wilson sent troops to Mexico.  President Wilson felt the US had a moral obligation to intervene and put good people in power.  Incident with US marines being arrested for going to a restricted part of Tampico; Mexico refused to apologize; Wilson used incident as excuse to overthrow Huerta.  Anti-American riots started; used int’l mediation to resolve; Carranza (who got weapons from US) became next Mexican president; Mexicans opposed to Carranza still not happy; conducted raids in the US to provoke Wilson.

5. 2. Pancho Villa – led group of guerillas; burned the town of Columbus, N.M. Francisco "Pancho" Villa, was a Mexican Revolutionary general. As commander of the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the caudillo of the Northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. His charisma and effectiveness gave him great popularity, and was provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914. In 1916 he raided Columbus, New Mexico. Villa and his supporters employed tactics such as propaganda and firing squads against his enemies, and expropriated hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He also robbed and commandeered trains, and printed his own money to pay for his cause. • 10 civilians and 14 US soldiers killed in Columbus raid. • Wilson responded by sending over 6,000 troops under General Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa, but never did after a year of searching. • During 1st term, Wilson sent marines into Nicaragua, Haiti, and Dominican Republic to restore order and set-up stable gov’ts.

6. B. Outbreak of WWI. 1. Triple Alliance v. Triple Entente. • Triple Alliance (1882) – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Italy • changes sides); Later called the Central Powers. • Triple Entente (1907) – England, France, and Russia (US in 1917), • Later called the Allies. Tensions rose when Austria- Hungary (A-H in 1867) annexed the Ottoman province of Bosnia in 1908; then in 1912, different Balkan groups fought one another for more land and power. Balkans

7. a) Nationalism – intense pride of one’s homeland. Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Slovenes all live in a region in southeastern Europe called the Balkans. • Ethnic groups in the Balkans and the Hapsburg Empire had nationalist feelings.

8. 2. Militarism – aggressive preparation for war. a) Mass armies (conscription). b) Industrial Revolution – many destructive guns & weapons. c) Propaganda.

9. 3. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. • June 28,1914 was • Serbian Nationalist Day • = • bad day for visit! • Aust-Hung – 10+ ethnicities (nationalism), Dual Monarchy of Franz Josef I (old school and resisted change). • Franz (Francis) supported reforms – “United States of Austria.” together/peaceful coexistence.

10. The Black Hand wanted Bosnia to be free of Aust-Hung rule. Gavrilo Princip  The Black Hand was supported by Serbian army officers.  First attempt with a bomb thrown at his convertible failed, later that day, Gavrilo Princip, a 19-yo Bosnian Serb, fatally shot them after driver took a wrong turn.  Princip was “not a good shot” according to instructor.  Sentenced to 20 years, but died after only four (in 1918).

11. C. Beginning of WWI, the U.S. tried to remain neutral. • Am investors/Wall Street were making $ off war: British battle victory made stocks raise. •  Gave Allies loans so they could buy US supplies. Neutral?? • 8 million Germ-Americans and 4.5 mill Irish-Americans (anti-Br) in U.S. • Thousands of Germ-Americans joined the German army.

12. 1. The Lusitania – unarmed British passenger ship sunk by German U- boat on May 7, 1915. a) 123 U.S. citizens dead. • “floating palace” from New York to England. • 1,195 dead, including 94 children & infants.

13.  Rumors of ship being armed; British admiralty had warned the Lusitania.  Lusitania was carrying wartime essentials: motorcycle parts, metals, cotton goods, food, 4,200 cases of rifle ammo, 1,250 cases of shrapnel (not explosive), and 18 boxes of percussion fuses.  Caused anti-German feelings.  Newspapers called it “deliberate murder.” (Sunk in just 18 minutes).

14. 2. The Zimmerman Telegram – Germany asks Mexico to invade U.S. According to the Zimmermann telegram, if Mexico allied with Germany, Germany would help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. • Germany asked Mexico to take back Texas, NM, and Arizona. • Took 2-weeks to decode. •  Mexico was in civil war; pushed U.S. over the edge and declared war.

15. 3. U.S. enters war (Allies) in April 1917. •  Not everyone wanted to go to war (Isolationists, women, & labor groups). • U.S. business/industries making a lot of $: loans to Europe then selling them goods.

16. Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin of Montana The first women elected to Congress and a lifelong pacifist, she was one of fifty to vote against the U.S. to enter into WW I (vote after only 4 days in office) and the only member of Congress to vote against entry into WWII. She also led resistance to the Vietnam War. Americans were issued the “Chauchau” light machine gun, even though it was unreliable and they had the Browning VAR at home (U.S. Gov’t didn’t want the Germans to get a hold of it).

17. II. The Home Front.

18. A. Selective Service Act – conscription. According to the Selective Service Act, the order in which men were called to service would be determined by a lottery. •  Only England and U.S. did not have conscription when the war started. •  Many armies doubled in size. • In 1914, the Russian Army was the largest army in the world. • Russia's poor roads & railways made ineffective deployments of soldiers.

19. B. Mobilizing the Workforce. 1. Women – created new roles (normally held by men). • Chimney sweeps, truck drivers, farm laborers, factory workers in heavy industry.  Many jobs were considered beyond the capacity of women.

20.  1st war that women officially served in the armed forces (non- combat roles; mostly nurses and clerical; hired temporarily.  By the end of the war, 11,000 women served in the navy.  20,000 in Army Nursing Corps (10,000 overseas).

21. a) Men took back their jobs & those women who stayed had their wages lowered. b) Right to Vote (1920) – 19th Amendment.  WWI had positive political and social impacts.

22. 2. African-Americans. a) Racially segregated military units under white officers. b) ‘Great Migration North’ – moved north to work in factories. “The Great Migration” during WWI was a flow of African American civilians moving from the South up to Northern cities. The 369th Infantry Regiment.  Faced discrimination and prejudice in the army.  Of the nearly 400,000 drafted, about 42,000 served overseas.

23. Harlem Hellfighters is the popular name for the 369th Infantry Regiment, formerly the 15th New York National Guard Regiment. The unit was also known as The Black Rattlers, and the first African-American Regiment during WWI.  African-American 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions fought in bitter Western Front Battles.  The entire 369th Infantry Regiment awarded highly prized French decoration “Croix Guerre” (war cross) for gallantry in combat.  Opened doors with higher-paying jobs (“Great Migration” North).

24. Mexican Americans Head North • Political turmoil in Mexico and the wartime labor shortage in the U.S. convinced many Mexicans to head North. • Between 1917-1920, over 100,000 Mexicans migrated to TX, AZ, CA, & NM. • Tens of thousands headed North to Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, etc. to work in wartime factory jobs. • Many faced hostility and discrimination; tended to settle in their own neighborhoods (Barrios). 1918 - The Legorreta family at their home in San Francisco, California.

25. 3. Immigrants. a) Lower immigrant quotas. b) Fired from jobs. c) Faced discrimination. Ellis Island, New York Harbor, 1917.

26.  Mexicans migrated the U.S. due to political turmoil in Mexico (Civil War).  Between 1917 and 1920, 100,000 Mexicans migrated North; moved to separate neighborhoods, called Barrios, due to discrimination.

27. C. Total War. • WWI became a total war, with governments taking control of their economies and civilians undergoing rationing of goods.

28. 1. Impact of Total War – involved a complete mobilization of resources and people. • Control over the economies – free market capitalistic systems were temporarily suspended. • Planned Economies – systems directed by gov’t agencies.

29. 2. War Industries Board (WIB) – Coordinated production of war materials. a) Bernard Baruch – Ran the WIB. The WIB encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The WIB set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It also conducted psych testing to help people find the right jobs. Bernard Baruch, 1920. •  WIB told manufacturers what to produce. • Expected a short war so did little long-term planning; needed new measures.

30. 3. Food Administration – Reduce food consumption; ran by Herbert Hoover. a) Victory Gardens. b) “Food will win the war – don’t waste it!”

31. Gov’ts set-up price, wage, and rent controls; rationed food supplies and materials; regulated imports and exports; took over transportation systems and industries. • During World War I, Americans were encouraged to “Hooverize” by observing Wheatless Mondays.

32.  President Woodrow Wilson – men and women “who remain to till the soil and man the factories are no less a part of the army than the men beneath the battle flags.”

33. 4. Fuel Administration – conserve gas, coal, and heating oil; started daylight savings.  To conserve energy during WWI, the Fuel Administration introduced daylight savings time.

34. 5. RR Administration – controlled RR’s. 6. National War Labor Board – resolved labor disputes.

35. 7. Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds – pay for the war.

36. D. Selling the War.  Manipulation of Public Opinion – By 1916, there were signs of lagging civilian morale under pressures of total war.  Gov’ts suppressed any opposition to the war.  Authoritarian gov’ts (Germ, Aust-Hung, and Russia) used force to subdue their populations.  Democratic states expanded police powers to stop internal dissent = England (Defense of the Realm Act (DORA) allowed the gov’t to arrest protesters as traitors; newspapers were censored and sometimes even suspended publication.

37. 1. Gov’t propaganda – ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a position.  Stirred up national hatreds; make people feet their nation’s cause was just.

38. a) Committee on Public Information – Propaganda, “4-minute speeches”; ran by George Creel. Four-Minute Men gave patriotic speeches urging support of war effort.  Job of “selling” the war to the people; recruited advertisers, artists, etc.  Distributed posters and pamphlets; “Four-Minute Speeches” at movies and public halls to support war by buying bonds; reporting draft dodgers.

39.  As war progressed and morale sagged, gov’ts needed new techniques to motivate public – “daddy, what did you do in the Great War?”

40.  Freedom of speech and press were limited by the gov’t for national security.  Newspaper ads urged Americans to spy on their neighbors/fellow citizens.  Patriotism turned to persecution: violence against German-Americans, mobs attacked labor activists, socialists, and pacifists.

41. 2. Espionage and Sedition Acts – illegal to criticize the gov’t, president, or war efforts; deny mail to violators. Freedom of speech in the U.S. is Guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which states in part: "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech, or the press." Those found guilty of such actions "shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or Imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both.“ Major portions of the Espionage Act remain part of U.S. law today! Eugene V. Debs was an American labor and political leader and five-time Socialist Party of America candidate for the American Presidency. On 16 June 1918 Debs made an anti-war speech in Canton, Ohio, protesting US involvement in WWI, and he was subsequently arrested under the Sedition Act of 1918. He was convicted and sentenced to serve ten years in prison.

42. Espionage Act of 1917 – illegal for spying and penalized disloyalty, giving false reports, or otherwise interfering with the war effort. The Sedition Act of 1918 – Any public expression against the war (President or Gov’t) was illegal.  1,500 prosecutions and 1,000 convictions under both laws!

43. a) Schenck vs. The United States (1919) – Supreme Court ruled an individual’s freedom of speech can be limited due to “clear and present danger” • What is a “clear and present danger”? • Can NOT yell ‘Fire’ in a crowded theatre. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an individual’s freedom of speech can be curbed when the words uttered constitute a “clear and present danger.”

44. Schenck was overturned by Brandenburg v. Ohio, (1969).

45. III. A Bloody Conflict. Allied offenses on the Western front were a disaster; The Russian revolution (started in Nov 1917) weakened the Allies when Russia withdrew from the war a few months later; large losses on both sides due to machinery and slaughter.

46.  Because of rapid-fire machine guns.  Used to see enemy activities. A. Combat. 1. Trench Warfare. 2. New technologies – tank, plane, machine gun, & poison gas. PsyOps Vickers British • Russia out of war (V.I. Lenin, Bolshevik leader, elected in 1917). • Almost 10 million died during WWI; great devastation in Europe.

47. 3. U.S. (Doughboy) entry boosted morale, new troops & material. 1918

48. 4. Convoys – ships gathered into groups for protection. • With over a million U.S. troops pouring into France, the Allies marched towards Germany. •  Germans realized the war was lost and asked for peace.

49. 5. Armistice – truce, or agreement, to stop fighting on Nov. 11, 1918. The L.A. Times “The war to end all wars.” -- Woodrow Wilson

50. B. Treaty of Versailles (Jan 1919) – Victorious Allies met to make a final settlement. After the defeat of the Germans, peace settlements brought political and territorial changes to Europe and created bitterness and resentment in several nations. •  Versailles restricted/limited Germany’s military power (humiliating!). • Germany not invited; Russia couldn’t attend due to civil war; most decisions made by “Big 3.” • Punished Germany for the war, established new nations, and created a League of Nations to solve international problems.