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Dansketida A tim e of growth or 400 years of night?

Dansketida A tim e of growth or 400 years of night?. Background 1 Pre- historic times. Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age. Background 2 The Viking Age. Norvegr The rise of the king The rise of the church The rise of trade The rise and the fall (?) of the peasant

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Dansketida A tim e of growth or 400 years of night?

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  1. DansketidaA time of growth or 400 years of night?

  2. Background 1Pre-historic times • Stone Age • Bronze Age • Iron Age

  3. Background 2The Viking Age • Norvegr • The rise ofthe king • The rise ofthechurch • The rise of trade • The rise and the fall (?) ofthepeasant • In the hall ofthe Norwegian king

  4. Background 3The Golden Age • 1202-1349 • Norway proper, IoM, The Hebrides. The Orkneys, The Shetland Is, The Faroes, Iceland, Greenland, Vineland • Peace • Growingpopulation • A greatcathedral

  5. Background 4The Plague • 1349 • Bergen og Oslo • 50-75% died • SPECulate! • King • Nobility • Church • Common man

  6. Whatwasthe Danish era all about Hisytorians in the 19th century: • strong Norwegian resistance: greatly influenced by 1814 • "Denmark's political crime against Norway" (Nikolai Wergeland 1816) • The first historians in Norway took the Danish paragraph about submission literally • And - Norway was dominated stronger than other parts of Europe

  7. Modern • quiet growth undisturbed by the Danish state (harmony vision) • N ready to stand on its own feet in 1814 • Historians today: Norway were treated differently than the other regions • The Danish King inheritance rights of Norway was important. • Fight between King and nobility of the period/National Council • A peace need because of Swedish rivalry

  8. Counterfact history: But how would the development have been without Denmark? • Norway is a raw material supplier • Mercantile policies - An active state • At the edge of a rapid development in Western Europe: The major discovries • A Europe of tension: E + P <> GB/NL + GB<>F + NL<>GB + S<>DK + S<>RUS + (D)

  9. Daily life • Farmers got a better life after 1349 • But constant pest waves • More emphasis on livestock and fish • The population at the level of 1349: c 1650 • High population only at the coast - west and north • Hanseatic trade: fishing - the good times • Local Parliaments again important

  10. Kingdoms ofchange • 1319 Swedish Norwegian king under • Magnus Eriksson + • 1363 marriesMargaretha, daughterof Valdemar Atterdag ofDenmark • >>> changingkingdombetweenthree Nordic countries from thattime of • 1380-87 Olav Håkonsson king ofthe DK / N union • Died"supposedly" ofpneumonia 16 years old • 1388-1412 Queen Margareta controls threecountries • Kalmar Union 1397-1523

  11. 1468-70 OrkneyShetland goneforever (?)

  12. The National Council • One in DK, one in N • 20-40: nobility and top clergy • Only a maximum of 10 nobles • The Arch Bishop becomes the leader rather than a chancellor, who is unimportant in Norway • DK afraid of new positions of power in Norway and did not app oint national officials to the National Council • A counterweight to the king: • The appointment of region rulers, financial matters, privileges, laws, trade, foreign ... • Nobleman Amund Sigurdsson Bolt 1436-7: Towards Erik of Pomerania • >>> foreign power weakened, strengthened national N.C. • TelemarkBondeHalvarGråtopp1438-39 rebels. No Results

  13. King Christoffer (of Bavaria) died childless • Sweden and Denmark wanted union a with Norway • Christian 1: king 1450. DK in the union from 1458 • treaty of eternal union between two equal kingdoms (DK & N) • a choice of king made by the National Council

  14. Economy The Hanseatic trade union • Bergen, Oslo and Tønsbergfactoriafor • Lübeck / Rostock • The credit gave them entry • A state within the state • Very dominant and exploited fishermen • Customs abolished for the Hansa in 1343 • But the Hansaand other immigrants: expertise and capital • Trade was important - increased use of money • Oddevall city because this 1498

  15. Trade routes

  16. Governing • DK / S - more and better soil • The nobility there and clerical landowners were richer and more powerful • Private Castles (fortified) (Norway Olav only E) • Castles were militarily important + • Knights and professional foot soldiers • Norway divided into Counties • Sheriffs exercised royal duty • From Båhus to Vardøhus • Two main regions (amt): Bergenhusand Akershus

  17. Eilif Peterssen: Christian II signs the death sentence of Torben Oxe (1875-76) .

  18. Troubles: Sweden • attempts to acquire all the power in Sweden: • Rebellion under StenSture • C2 wins and gives amnesty to the Sture party and crowned in Stockholm • But: The Blood Bath of Stockholm Market Square: 94 massacred 7.-10. november 1520 • 1521-23: Uprising under Gustaf Vasa - C2 to Netherlands • Gustaf Vasa starts the Swedish rising kingdom: DK / S-rivalry

  19. Troubles: Denmark • The Norwegian State Council declares Norway without a king. • Fredrik 1 crowned king rapidly - in Denmark • Danish National Council members to Norway • Fredrik >>> 1 king, but his Carta strengthened the national council • C2 a threat from abroad - back in 1531 N with great strength - but all waned away in Båhuslän • F1 die as 1533 in a very unclear political position

  20. Problembarnet Norge • ArchbishopOlav Engelbrektsson comes from Rome in 1523 • F1 up for Lutheranclergy • >>> strongconflictwith Olav Engelbrektsson: • Steinvikholm + fortressbuiltwarships and soldiers to Nidaros • Archbishopapproached C2 (Catholic), but he wasimprisoned in DK

  21. Troubles: Norway • Lübeck merchants chose the king's son Duke Christian as its candidate • national council, with Archbishop Olav in lead, a cautious approach • VincensLunge sent to find a Catholic king • But Lunge was Lutheran and put his efforts for Duke Christian • (- Archbishop should be + Lunge) • Archbishop Olav Engelbrektson got Lunge murdered • refused to honor King Christian 3: made ​​in January 1536 an coup • Had to flee Escape - the Norwegian State Council terminated

  22. 1536 nobleman PederHanssønLitle into the Oslo Fjord • Cracks the rebellious Norway • Magnus Bishop of Hamarleads a riot • All resistance ends at SteinvikholmFortress - 18th of May 1537: • Archbishop OE to Netherlands • The Danish National Council continued • Norway becomes a region in the Kingdom of Denmark (called the paragraph by historians)

  23. The Reformation • Martin Luther in 1517 • The new faith quickly became popular: • princes could take control of church property and religious practices • religion: created many churches, good preachers using local language not latin • Summer 1537 - C3 ordered all church property under the crown • Luther himself approved the Danish church ordinance

  24. adopted by a lord’s meeting in Odense 1537 (all Danish) • Nevertheless, it should apply to Norway • C3 had a strong personal faith in the Reformation • But also had major financial problems • tremendous growth of the crown estate + tithe and the treasures of the church • the monarchical looting went further in Norway than in Denmark despite greater resistance

  25. a quiet introduction of Lutheran church practice in the churches: Catholic priests could continue if they changed their belief • quickly established a confessional state with Christian 3 as state head of the church • quickly in DK, slowly in N: more imbalance/resistance • Reformation implied a stronger influence of the Danish language: A majority of the priests Danish and all educated in Denmark • psalms in Danish

  26. A growingpopulation • lowest level in the mid 1400s • In the tax lists from 1520: 150 000 • The first census in 1769: 880,000 • Until 1665 equal growth • then higher level of growth in the eastern parts • Particularly strong growth in the 1800s

  27. Grey: all NorwayLight orange: Eastern NorwayDark orange: Coastal Norway

  28. Water- saw mills / mining opened new markets • the greatest economic expansion that country until then had experienced • tenants in the late Middle Ages unusually free • Fisherman-farmers were common along the coast • Additional industries: timber, home industry, driving to mines

  29. Christian 4 - 1588/1596-1648 • Norway friend and a lady friend • Often in Norway, concerned with the North, founded towns and mines • Christiania, Christiansandand Konningsberg (+ in DK / S / D) • Founded Icelandic-, the Greenland- and the Danish East India Companies • Sent "Norwegian" lord and son Jens Munk to the Northwest Passage in 1619

  30. Economically active: mercantilism • Politics - Norway should pay off • Not always a blessing - had to buy expensive Danish grain (-Baltic) and sell cheap goods to Denmark • Great Power Ambitions: the fleet upgraded (Norwegian seamen!) • but the army was not good enough –mercenaries used to a great extent

  31. expensive German mercenaries in the Kalmar War 1611-1613 • A kind of victory - more or less the last time • 1625 in Denmark • the German "religious war": Thirty Years' War 1618-1648 • 20,000 men in Germany: Crushed by Johann Tserclaes Tilly and Albrecht von Wallenstein - occupation and plunder of Jutland • Ditto in 1643 - Swedish troops • The peace of Bromsebro - Jämtland, Härjedalen, Gotland, Osel, Halland

  32. The supreme king: 1660-1814 (1848) • The background: • 1) Changes in localgovernment • 2) and centralgovernment (professional, not birth) • 3) Governor Hannibal Sehested outmaneuvered: the Norwegian danger • 4) New wars - Carl Gustav Wars 1657-60: DK / RUS / Preuss - S • Karl X Gustav in Jutland and later acrosstheice to Copenhagen - NL to therescue • Two peace treaties: • Peace of Roskilde in 1658: - Scania, Halland (for good), Blekinge, Bornholm, Bohuslän, Trøndelag and Nordmøre, all lost • Treatyof Copenhagen 1660: Bornholm, Trøndelag and Nordmøre back • >>> Financial crisis (causative) • 5) The emergenceof a bourgeoisie • 6) >>>> bourgeoisiesupportedthe king • 7) The nobility less important. Countyarrangement military (prof / • fleet important), inc. Crisis (debt) etc >>> weakened • 8) Split nobility(pettynobility) / clergy.

  33. In autumn 1660 the Danish common assembly gathers: only used for taxes and gathered only in rare cases • Government debt: 5 million thalers • Disagreements over the distribution of tax – • The nobility had originally a military function – feudalism: No tax

  34. No agreement: endless discussions >>> zero • Citizens and clergy (50%) suggests the transfer of the inheritance of the F3 to his family to weaken the nobility • The nobility refuses, but is under pressure • F3 declares state of emergency and closes Cphto force the nobilty to accept • The national council ceases to exist

  35. Northern Norway • Crisis in Northern Norway in 1300-s • The good times, 1450-1600: • Administrative structure changed • Major changes: 1500-1600: • The outermost island? • Fisherman population pay loads of tax – they earn more than the average farmer • Hard taxation of the Sami • A culture clash?

  36. North • Reformation, etc. • 1) Fish prices go down. • 2) Trading network fails. • 3) Colder and wetter climate • >> Norwegians seeking additional industries • The Norwegian coastal settlement decreasing: • 1567 - 2750 Norwegians • 1690 - 2450 -"- • 1769 - 1800 -"- • 1801 - 1700 -"-

  37. In 1660, only boundary changes in north - positive • The Great Northern War 1700-1721 • S (Carl XII) takes on the rest • Battle of Narva in 1700 • 8000 S faces perhaps 80,000 RUS • 600 S dead, 15,000 RUS dead • Battle of Poltava in 1709 • 21,000 to 45,000 • 10,000 dead and wounded S, 1300 RUS • No changes for N, but S was out as a great power • Losing everything outside S: SF, Baltics • Carl XII killed in a siege in Halden, Norway (by his own or a “lucky” bullet?)

  38. The towns • 6-8% from 1500 to 10% in 1800 • Citizens: trade, crafts and Shipping • Workers • Citizens decided who would become citizens • Merchants were the elite, craftsmen not • Fellowships • Foreign elements - 50% in 1600 Bergen

  39. Tension • Farmers-crofters • Citizens-workers • Farmers-citizens

  40. Food • As in 1349 - livestock and grain. Grain in mountain villages and north. Oats or barley or mixed grain (o & b) • Small animals – starved during the winter • Hunting, fishing and gathering. • 400,000 barrels of grain imported • an overview of calorie production in Norway including imports and supplementary production - enough calories. • Porridge was the most common eating

  41. The fisheries • cod and herring - fishing season • Ups and downs • Lofoten great fishing before 1620, 1740, 1800 • Herring disappeared c 1785-1815 • >>> Conservation and trade • Open wooden boats with sail and oars • Handlines, longlines and nets. Local production • Traders in the conservation and sale

  42. Skogbruket • Saw mills from 1500 • Increasing production of boards • House- and ship building in Europe created a demand • From Oslo Fjord to Bergen - along streams and rivers • The nature under pressure>>> 1688 Sawmills privileges (only export from particular mills) • Stopping exploitation and increase prices. Prevent foreigners from buying whole forests and rivers

  43. Mining • Also from 1500, but particularly from 1650 • Three types: • Ca.20 ironworks from Arendal to Eidsvoll • Ca.10 copper plants N-eastern and Tr.Lag • Biggest of all: Silver in Kongsberg. 4000 miners in 1770 (max) • Large consumers of wood + transportation to and from: farmers

  44. New 1700s • 5 new iron works from 1739 to 1776: • Salt Work at Vallø(Tønsberg) and four glassworks • (Nøstetangen, Ås, Hurdal, Hadeland) • blue color (cobalt) mine • Foreigners • Citizens (and king) main owner • Often partisipantselskap (part ownership)

  45. Shipping • Transport, fishing and trade - as "always" • Ships were often foreign: 1651 – The Navigation Act - opportunities in England, though • F / NL / GB rivalry - opportunities for neutral countries of little importance • 1670-96 - quadrupled fleet in tonnage • 1750 - 500 ships. 1807: 1600. 12,000 employees • All in all, >>>> growth and variation

  46. Daily life • Local focus • Danish into the church and school: • Gap between dialect and Danish • The elite bought art - little locally created • The only university in Cph • Gerhard Schønning: First Norwegian history 1770 published

  47. The regions of Norway 1760

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