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Grammar notebook part three modifiers

Grammar notebook part three modifiers. Adjectives. Adjectives. Definition: describes a noun or pronoun What kind? Which one? How many? Agreement: must agree in gender, number, and case with the modified noun (word being described) Puer territus cucurrit a cane magna. Gender Rules.

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Grammar notebook part three modifiers

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  1. Grammar notebook part three modifiers

  2. Adjectives

  3. Adjectives • Definition: describes a noun or pronoun • What kind? • Which one? • How many? • Agreement: must agree in gender, number, and case with the modified noun (word being described) • Puerterrituscucurrit a cane magna.

  4. Gender Rules • 1st declension = mostly feminine • 2nd declension • “Us/er” nominative singular = masculine • “Um” nominative singular = neuter • 3rd declension: usually what makes sense but not always • “tor” = masc • “trix” = feminine

  5. 4th declension • “us” nominative singular = masculine • “u” nominative singular = neuter • 5th declension= mostly feminine

  6. Substantives • Sometimes the modified noun/pronoun is left out of the sentence. When there is no word which agrees in gender, number, and case with the adjective, you must supply in English the understood/implied noun based on the gender, number, and case. • Masc sing = man; masc pl. = men • Feminine sing= woman; feminine pl = women • Neuter sing = thing; neuter pl = things • Bonus expectabat bona. • The good (man) was expecting good (things).

  7. First and Second Declension Adjectives • Nominative patterns: masculine, feminine, neuter • “us, a, um” • “er, a, um” • Base = feminine nominative singular minus “a” • Bonus, bona, bonum = bon • Sacer, sacra, sacrum = sacr

  8. Masculine • Singular plural • Nom us/er i • Gen i orum • Dat o is • Acc um os • Abl o is • Voc e/i/er i

  9. Feminine • Singular plural • Nom a ae • Gen ae arum • Datae is • Acc am as • Abl a* is • Voc a ae

  10. Neuter • Singular plural • Nom um a • Gen i orum • Dat o is • Acc um a • Abl o is • Voc um a

  11. Third Declension Adjectives • Nominative patterns: • “er, is, e” = masc, fem, neut • “is, e” = masc and fem, neut • “?, is” = masc,fem, neut nom sing; masc, fem, neut gen sing. • Base = remove “is” • Celer, celeris, celere = celer • Fortis, forte = fort • Audax, audacis = audac

  12. Masculine and Feminine • Singular plural • Nom ???? Es • Gen is ium • Dat i ibus • Accemes • Abl i ibus • Voc repeat nom es

  13. Neuter • Singular plural • Nom ?????? ia • Gen is ium • Dat i ibus • Acc repeat nom. ia • Abl i ibus • Voc repeat nom. ia

  14. Irregular Adjectives • A small group of adjectives that show non-specific quantities are irregular in the genitive singular and dative singular. The plurals are normal • Masculine feminine neuter • us/er a um • iusiusius • i i i • um am um • o a o

  15. Irregular Adjectives • Listed below are the irregular adjectives: • Alius, alia, aliud other • Nullus, nulla, nullum none, not any • Ullus, ulla, ullum any, some • Solus, sola, solum alone, only • Totus, tota, totum total, whole, all • Unus, una, unum one, only • Alter, altera, alterum another • Uter, utra, utrum each

  16. DEGREE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: positive, comparative, and superlative

  17. DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES • An adjective has three degrees. • Positive is the basic form without any changes for emphasis. • Comparative is the next step to show more emphasis. The word will become larger itself by adding ior. • Superlative is the top step. The adjective becomes even longer by adding usually issim.

  18. Degree of adjectives Miles estaltus. The soldier is tall. positive Hic miles estaltior. This soldier is taller. comparative. Ille miles estaltissimus. That soldier is the tallest. superlative

  19. POSITIVE • The positive form is the most basic. Remember it must always change, based on its declension, to agree with the modified noun in gender, number, and case. • Positive adjectives are either classified as • First and second declension • Third declension • Any adjective can be adjusted to modify any noun.

  20. COMPARATIVE • The comparative form is the second degree. • Its can be translated by: • Adding er to the positive altior taller • Using the word morealtior more tall • Adding the word ratheraltior rather tall • Adding tooaltior too tall

  21. Forming Comparatives • To make a comparative adjective • Begin with the base of the adjective • For first and second declensions, this will be the feminine nominative singular minus a • For third declension, it will be the second form from the vocabulary listing minus is. • Add ior for masculine and feminine; add ius for neuter. This will make the two nominativesingular forms.

  22. DECLINING COMPARATIVES • Once you have added ior, ius, the new comparative adjective becomes a third declension adjective regardless of how it started. • Altus altaaltum positive 1st and 2nd • Altior, altius comparative 3rd

  23. Declining Comparatives • To decline your new comparative, leave the ior on all forms except the neuter nominative singular and the neuter accusative singular for which you will use theius form. • The new ior is the new base. This is your sign that the adjective is comparative. • Add third declension noun endings to make the comparative agree with its noun in gender, number, and case.

  24. Masculine and feminine Nom ioriores Gen iorisiorum Datioriioribus Accioremiores Ablioreioribus Neuter Nom iusiora Gen iorisiorum Datioriioribus Acciusiora Ablioreioribus Comparative endings

  25. Examples(Remember there are alternate translations) • Servusaltiorvinumbibit. (masc. Nom. sing.) • The taller slave drank the wine.. • Amicus altiorisserviquoquevinumbibit.(masc. Gen . Sing.) • The friend of the taller slave also drank wine. • Amicus altiori servocibumdedit.(mascdat sing) • The friend gave food to the taller slave.

  26. examples • Ancillaaltioremservummaluit. (masc. Acc. Sing.) • The slavegirl preferred the taller slave. • Ancilla e popina cum altiore servodiscessit.(masc. Abl. Sing.) • The slavegirl left the bar with the taller slave. • (Why don’t the adjective and noun have the same endings if they agree?)

  27. Superlatives • The superlative is the highest degree. It will be a very long word. • It can be translated by: • Adding estaltissimustallest • Adding very altissimusvery tall • Adding mostaltissimusmost tall Use proper English when translating; goodestis not a word.

  28. Forming Superlatives • For most adjectives, form the superlative by adding issim plus first and seconddeclension endings. All superlative adjectives are now first and second declension. • Altissimus,-a, -um tallest • Brevissimus,-a, -um shortest

  29. Declension of superlatives Singular • Masc fem neuter • issimusissimaissimum nom sing • issimiissimaeissimi gen sing • issimoissimaeissimodat sing • issimumissimamissimumacc sing • issimoissima* issimoabl sing

  30. Declension of Superlatives Plural • Masc fem neut • issimiissimaeissima nom pl • issimorumissimarumissimorum gen. Pl • issimisissimisissimisdatpl • issimosissimasissimaaccpl • issimisissimisissimisablpl

  31. Er Superlatives • Some adjectives for which either the nominative singular or the base ends with er will not use the issim; instead you will add rim (effectively doubling the r which you should roll when you say it) plus first and second declension endings • Pulcherrimus, -a, -um most beautiful • Celerrimus, -a, -um fastest

  32. Examples • Olivia estpulcherrimapuella. • Olivia is the most beautiful girl. Fem. Nom. Sing • Pueripulcherrimaspuellasspectareamant. • The boys love to watch the most beautiful girls. Fem .acc. Pl.

  33. Double L superlatives • A small group (six) of adjectives whose base endsin il will use limus (effectively doubling the l which you should trill) to form their superlatives. These adjectives are: • Facilisfacillimus, -a, -um easiest • Difficilisdifficillimus, -a, -um most difficult • Similissimillimus, -a, -um most similar • Dissimilisdissimillimus, -a,-um most different • Gracilisgracillimus, -a, -um most slender • Humilishumillimus, -a, -um most humble

  34. The Irregulars • Changing degree usually follows the patterns described, making the words progressively longer and more impressive as the degree increases. However, just like in English, many words have irregular degree. We don’t say bad, badder, baddest; instead we say bad, worse, worst. Good doesn’t become gooder, then goodest; instead we use good, better, best.

  35. Irregulars • Memorize the following irregulars: • Bonus melior, meliusoptimus • Maluspeior, peiuspessimus • Magnusmaior, maiusmaximus • Parvusminor, minusminimus • Multus *plus/ plures, pluraplurimus • *neuter substantive

  36. Special grammar structures with degree • The superlative is frequently used with a partitive genitive or genitive of the whole. • Olivia estpulcherrimapuellaomnium. • Olivia is the most beautiful girl of all.

  37. Using quam with comparatives • When comparing two things with quam: • The two objects must be in the same case. • Quam means than • Flaviaestpulchrior quam Cornelia. • Both are nominitive. • Quam links the two as than

  38. Ablative of Comparison • When using an ablative of comparison, the first item must be either nominative or accusative. • The second item is ablative without a preposition. • FlaviaestpulchriorCornelia*. • Flavia is prettier than Cornelia.

  39. Ablative of Degree of Difference • Used to show how much of a comparison in reference to the comparative adjective. ( functions somewhat like an adverb) • Multo much • Paulo a little • No preposition is used. • Nostrimilitessuntmultofortioresillismilitibus. • Our soldiers are much more brave than those soldiers.

  40. ADVERBS FRIENDLY, EASIER TO GET ALONG WITH, IMPOSSIBLE TO DECLINE

  41. ADVERBS • Adverbs modify verbs, ( adverb = to the verb), adjectives, and other adverbs. They limit these words. • When? • How? • To what extent? • He walks quickly. Ambulatceleriter.

  42. Adverbs • Adverbs agree automatically. They cannot be declined; just put them in the sentence where you need them. Many adverbs are independently made (not made from another word) such as mox, hodie, cras etc. Others are made from adjectives in their positive form.

  43. Degree of adverbs : Positive • The positive adverb is made one of two ways: • 1st and 2nddec adjectives = remove a from feminine nominative singular and add e latuslata, latum wide late widely 3rddec usually add er, ter, or iter brevis, breve short breviter shortly

  44. Degree of adverbs: Comparative • The second degree or comparative is formed by using the neuter comparative adjective (ius). Just check to be certain it is not modifying a neuter noun. Translate with more. • Pugnavitgravius. He fought more seriously. • Adverb in comparative degree • Hoc estgraviusbellum. This is a more serious war. • Adjective modifying the neuter noun bellum

  45. Superlative adverbs • Change the “us” to an “e” on the superlative adjectives • Latissimus = latissime • Widest = most widely • When used with “quam”, translate “as ______ as possible” • Quam latissime as quickly as possible

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