Chapter 1 – The First People

1. Chapter 1 – The First People

2. Theory Definition of “theory”: A – set of ideas to explain something. B – abstract knowledge or reasoning. C – idea or opinion Theory is an opinion or speculation. A theory is not necessarily based on facts; in other words, it is not always consistent with true descriptions of reality.

3. Origin Definition of Origin: A: rise, beginning, or derivation from a source B: the point at which something begins or rises. Something that creates, causes, or gives rise to another

4. What is a THINK/PAIR/SHARE In order to encourage you to speak in class we will be doing activities called Think/Pair/Share. 1st: you think by yourself for a minute about the topic. 2nd: you discuss it with you partner and share ideas. 3rd: Your group might be asked to share what you discussed. Everyone should have something to share and is expected to talk.

5. Think/Pair/Share • With a partner discuss and record where you believe people of China originated from. Ex. Space, Beijing, North Pole.

6. Think/Pair/Share • We know that Canada is a very multicultural country. Meaning many people who live in Canada came from somewhere else. For example, in many large Canadian cities, you will find Chinese-Canadians, Japanese-Canadians, Korean-Canadians, Italian-Canadians, German-Canadians, and so on. • However, who lived in North America before the arrival of these different immigrant groups? Where did they come from? Where did they live? How did they survive?

7. Beringia Theory This is one theory of how humans first came to North America. It is believed that 30,000 years ago, ocean levels dropped between 65 to 136 meters, which was enough to form a natural land bridge between Siberia and Alaska. Many believe that the first peoples got to North America via this land bridge, called the Beringia land bridge. http://www.eckstein.seattleschools.org/elmiller/ss/land_bridge/

8. First Nation’s Views Many native people believe that humans were created by the Creator. This legend has been passed from one generation to another through oral stories. At the bottom of page 6, you can read the native theory of how people got to North America.

9. Day 3 Native Groups in Canada

10. Important Vocabulary: Buffalo Pemmican Hunters and Gathers Patrilineal Matrilineal Long Houses Gens Clans Fertile Agriculture Three Sisters League of Five Nations Consensus

11. Think/Pair/Share In groups of 4 – read and discuss your assigned topic together. Each group must be ready to discuss in detail about what their section is about. This activity is a large part of your participation mark. TOPICS: • Environment and Resources + Technology (pg9) • Economic Needs • Political Needs (pg 10) • Social Needs • Spiritual Needs.

12. The Plains People Place: The Plains people were from the prairies and depended on the Buffalo for most of their food and raw materials. (Saskatchewan, Manitoba). The plains people were hunters and gathers. Food: The buffalo was the big part of the Plains people’s diet. The meat would be dried and made into jerky or mixed with different wild berries to make pemmican.

13. The Plains People Shelter: The plains people lived in shelters called Tipis. They were useful since they could be moved easily from place to place as the seasons changed. Political: The Plains people lived together in groups called bands. These were either a gens or clans. In a gen, membership in the band is patrilineal, or inherited through the father. Clans are found in matrilineal societies. Each band contained about ten extended families. Each tribe was governed by a council made up of both men and women. Tribes would usually choose a chief, usually a man who was brave, generous, a good speaker, a wise decision maker and good hunter.

14. The Plains People Political (continued…) – The women’s role was to prepare food, make clothing, build and care for the home, and look after the children. The men were responsible for hunting. Spiritual Needs: • Did not believe in private ownership of land. • Believed in a great spirit. • Rocks, trees, lakes, rivers, animals, and people had all been given spirits. Hunters thanked the animals for giving up their lives to provide the people with food, clothing, and shelter. Women thanked the plants the same way. • The circle and sweet grass were sacred to the plains people. The circle was considered the perfect shape.

15. Think/Pair/Share In groups of 4 – read and discuss your assigned topic together. Each group must be ready to discuss in detail about what their section is about. This activity is a large part of your participation mark. TOPICS: • Environment and Resources + Technology + Economic Needs (Introduction) + Spiritual Needs • Food + Shelter + Trade + Transportation • Social Needs • Political Needs (The Nation) • Iroquois Confederacy

16. The Iroquois (Planters of Corn) Place: The Iroquois lived near the great lakes and St. Lawrence River region. The land here was very fertile and grew good crops, which could provide food for many people. Iroquois were farmers and lived in villages of 20 to 350 people. Food: The agriculture provided the Iroquois with 70 % of their food. Their main crop was maize (corn), beans and squash (called the three sisters). Women picked wild berries, wild plants, onions, nuts, pumpkins, cabbages, and sunflowers to add to their winter food supply. Maple syrup was and sugar were made in late winter. Men contributed by hunting and fishing. Because there was plenty of food, the Iroquois traded with other native groups in the areas such as the Algonkian.

17. The Iroquois (Planters of Corn) Shelter: The Iroquois villages were made up of 30 to 75 lodges called Longhouses. They were long enough to hold several families. Social: The Iroquois social system was matrilineal, which means kin relationships were traced through the mother. Therefore, children at birth became part of the women’s clan. Marriages: When a man reach the age of marriage, his mother selected his bride and obtained permission from the women’s mother. After marriage the man lived with the women’s family.

18. The Iroquois (Planters of Corn) Native groups didn’t have a written history, thus their history was passed through their stories. These stories would pass history, spiritual beliefs, values, traditions, and customs from one generation to the next. The elders were the chief storytellers and were highly respected for their knowledge and wisdom. Oral History

19. The Iroquois (Planters of Corn) Political: The Iroquois were part of a large confederacy (political group) called the League of Five Nations. This confederacy was established to create peace and stop the nations from fighting and competing with each other. The groups it included were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, (the Tuscarora joined later). Each nation had only one vote. Consensus had to be reach not only among the sachems o each nation, but also among the Five nations. The Iroquois practice of voting and consensus was their form of democracy which they practiced before explorers arrived. Spiritual Needs: Corn was believed to be the holy gift of the Creator, or Manitou.

20. Native Groups in Canada PART II

21. Day 3 – NWC and Inuit People Important Vocabulary • Caste System • Rank • Extended Family • Adze • Sachems • Taboos

22. Think/Pair/Share In groups of 4 – read and discuss your assigned topic together. Each group must be ready to discuss in detail about what their section is about. This activity is a large part of your participation mark. TOPICS: • Environment and Resources + Technology • Economic Needs • Social Needs • Spiritual Needs • Political Needs

23. The Northwest Coast People Place: The Northwest Coast (NWC)people lived along the western coast of the North American continent; what is now British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. Technology: The NWC people used sophisticated tools such as adzes and chisels from stone, knives from bone or beaver teeth, and sandpaper from shark skin. Food: The NWC people had an abundance of food because they lived near the ocean. They ate salmon, cod and halibut. They also ate mammals such as whales, seals, porpoises, sea otters and sea lions; and shellfish such as clams, mussels, and crabs. They also hunted deer and other land animals. The land provided berries and different types of roots.

24. The Northwest Coast People Shelter: A typical village might contain 30 houses strung along the beach. Inside, the space was divided into individual family areas by planks or woven mats of cedar bark. Each family usually had its own cooking fire. NWC people had more furniture than most native groups because they had permanent villages.

25. Think/Pair/Share Caste System – Is a social system with distinct classes based on differences of birth, rank, position, or wealth. Native groups such as the NWC people had a caste system. Discuss with your partner whether China has a caste system in which people are divided into different classes. Make sure to provide evidence or examples.

26. The Northwest Coast People Social System: The NWC people has a caste system which meant some people were more important than others. Chiefs were at the top, through nobles and commoners, to slaves. Your rank in society was based on inheritance, marriage, and wealth acquired. Slaves could not change their status.

27. Traditional Ceremonies Potlatch – a traditional ceremony where people gathered together (often lasting several days) and celebrated together by eating, telling stories, dancing and exchanging gifts. Guests were seated according to rank. NWC people believed in the existence of one supreme being and lesser spirits. There were many taboos that had to be observed in order not to offend the many spirits who were everywhere.

28. Inuit People Place: The Inuit people reside in Arctic region of Canada. There are different groups of Inuit, which speak different dialects. Food: The Inuit have traditionally been hunters and fishers. They still hunt whales, walruses, caribou, seal, polar bears, muskoxen and birds. The typical Inuit diet is high in protein and very high in fat - in their traditional diets, Inuit consumed an average of 75% of their daily energy intake from fat.

29. Inuit People Transportation: The Inuit had two types of transportation vehicles. The kayak, which was made from seal skin and made water travel easy. The Inuit also used dog sleds which was a wooden sled pulled by a team of dogs. Shelter: The Inuit lived in buildings made of snow and ice, called Igloos. It protected the Inuit from the cold temperature and high winds. Surprising these Igloos were warm to live in.

31. DISCUSSION QUESTION - How does Canada’s physical environment influence/affect native groups.