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The Rise and Decline of the Gunpowder Empires

The Rise and Decline of the Gunpowder Empires. AP World History 1450-1750. Overview. Rise of Ottomans and Mughal Empires Conditions of Europe Big Question: What accounts for the rise of the Gunpowder Empires and why aren’t they able to keep pace with Europe?. Ottoman Rise.

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The Rise and Decline of the Gunpowder Empires

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  1. The Rise and Decline of the Gunpowder Empires AP World History 1450-1750

  2. Overview • Rise of Ottomans and Mughal Empires • Conditions of Europe • Big Question: What accounts for the rise of the Gunpowder Empires and why aren’t they able to keep pace with Europe?

  3. Ottoman Rise • Void left by Mongols taken up by Ottomans • Cavalry, Jannisaries dominate • Conquer Constantinople, make it their capital • Considered the “terror of Europe”

  4. Ottoman Military Might • Adopted firearms readily – easily defeated Muslim rivals, Hungary • Initially they had superior technology • 15th Century - Build navy to ward off Europeans, gain control of Mediterranean (Significance?)

  5. 400 Years of Decline • Military victories bring about decline, how? • Had to constantly guard gains

  6. 400 Years of Decline • Conservative Islam focused on tradition, spirituality • Turks did not have the resources, forethought to modernize army • Trade imbalance • Middle class heavily taxed (why relevant?) • Numerous ineffective leaders

  7. Land-Based Empires • Focus on self-defense • Agricultural base, not industrialization • Centralized power • Large land masses • Controlled by large administrative and economic systems • Why have you never heard of Gunpowder Empires?

  8. Rise of Mughal India • Rise of power swift, easily conquered and controlled Northern India. (map) • Akbar solidified power, made social changes • Created a new religion with elements of Hinduism and Islam - unsuccessful • Eliminated jizya tax on Hindus • Allowed Hindus to build temples again • Promoted Hindus in the gov’t • Outlawed Sati, discouraged child marriage

  9. Mughal Military Power • Massive armies, cavalry, artillery, no navy • Firearms purchased from Europeans, limited local production • Troops poorly trained – conscripted from poor

  10. Mughal Decline • Public works (including the Taj Mahal) drain budgets

  11. Mughal Decline • Wars to conquer Southern India depleted reserves, distracted emperor from internal problems (uprisings and revolts), and incursions from Persian and Afghan warriors bands

  12. Mughal Decline • Repressive tax system, with few benefits seen by poor • Extensive bureaucracy allowed large scale corruption • Later emperors refused to integrate Hindus into the gov’t (80% of population) • Military technology unable to match European development – modernization plan – Why?

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