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Energy. Pick up the handout. (Not for stickers) Come up with a list of as many different kinds of energy as you can. Homework. Egg Lab Report, due Thursday! If you were gone on test day, don’t forget to hand in your Test+, and set up a make-up test time with me.
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Energy Pick up the handout. (Not for stickers) Come up with a list of as many different kinds of energy as you can.
Homework • Egg Lab Report, due Thursday! • If you were gone on test day, don’t forget to hand in your Test+, and set up a make-up test time with me. • Any women interested in potentially pursuing a career in science, technology, mathematics, or engineering, check out www.maritime.edu and click on iWIL
Objectives • Distinguish between bonds forming and breaking in terms of energy acquisition or release. • Distinguish between ATP and glucose in terms of their utility to the cell. • Know the chemical formula for glucose. • Recognize the basic atomic structure of monosaccharides and polysaccharides. • Identify the most common chemical elements that make up carbohydrates.
Energy • The subject of our next unit is energy - how cells get it, store it, use it. • First: Learn what is energy, and what are the main things that cells use to store it. • What is energy?
Energy • What are some different kinds of energy? Anything that you can think of!
Energy • Energy is the quality of being able to do work. • It’s not a physical thing like an atom, but like atoms, energy can’t be made or destroyed. It can only be transferred from one place to another.
Energy • In microbiology, it’s all about chemical energy. • Chemical energy: the quality of being able to arrange or rearrange atoms.
Chemical Energy Making a bond takes energy. Breaking a bond releases energy. • This means that there’s energy humming in every chemical bond, the same energy that was used to make that bond. • And if a chemical bond is broken, that energy is released. • You’ll find that all living cells use this to their advantage! They use chemicals like rechargeable batteries.
Chemical Energy • When we’re talking about chemical energy, we’re really talking about… food! • Many ways of classifying organisms. One is whether they make their own food, or whether they get their food from somewhere else.
Latin/Greek Word Parts • Auto: Self • Hetero: Different
Food! • Autotrophs • Autotrophs make their own food. • Heterotrophs • Heterotrophs get their food from different sources.
One more new word: • Metabolism: The chemical reactions that cells do in order to maintain life. Metabolism includes obtaining energy, storing energy, and using energy.
Why is this important to know about cells? • Energy is the ability to do work. • What are things that cells would be unable to do without energy? • Important to future units too! Energy is a driving force. The struggle to obtain the energy to reproduce drives evolution. Ecology is about how organisms interact with their environment to get energy, and how that leads them to interact with each other. And these struggles and interactions are the reason why there is this diversity of life on Earth.
Cell Batteries • Cells use different chemicals as “batteries.” • Lipids are one kind of very long-term battery • Macromolecule Table: Lipids Function #2: “Store Energy.”
Cell Batteries • Cells use different chemicals as “batteries.” • Carbohydrates are another long-term storage “chemical battery.” • Use textbook, make notes about what you think goes in the different macromolecule table boxes for Carbohydrates. • Don’t fill out the table yet! We’ll confirm afterwards that you succeeded in your search.
Macromolecule Table • CARBOHYDRATES: • Shape: (Leave it blank this time. They can have nearly any shape.) • Biochemistry: CnH2nOn • Types: Sugars (like glucose), starches • (Skip key locations for now) • Uses: Store energy
Cell “Batteries” • Two main chemical “batteries” cells use. • Glucose • A big battery, used to store energy. Stores 90 times as much energy as ATP, but getting there is harder. • ATP • A small battery, used to transfer energy. Easy to recharge and easy to get energy from, but it doesn’t store as much as glucose.
Glucose • Glucose = simple carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are the next of our four macromolecules. • You must know glucose’s chemical symbol: Glucose = C6H12O6 • Six carbons, twelve hydrogens, six oxygens.
Glucose • Food for life! C6H12O6
Glucose C_H_O_
Mono- vs. Poly- • Carbohydrates divided into polysaccharides and monosaccharides. • Monosaccharide = basic unit of a carbohydrate, a simple sugar with the formula CnH2nOn • Examples: Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose
Mono- vs. Poly- • Polysaccharide = A complex sugar made of two or more monosaccharides bonded together • Examples: Starch, cellulose, glycogen
Mono- vs. Poly- • Latin/Greek Word Parts Table • Mono = “One” • Poly = “Many” • (As we’ll learn in anatomy later, the digestive system breaks polysaccharides down into monosaccharides to transport to cells, and puts monosaccharides together into polysaccharides for storage.)
Cell “Batteries” • Cells use both. • ATP is like loose change. Glucose is like a $100 bill. • ATP is used for small transactions, or for ones that need to be quick. Glucose is the #1 cell food source. • When we talk about “food” in this unit, we’re almost always going to be talking about glucose. Food = glucose.
Cell “Batteries” - ATP • ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. • The way that it works has to do with making and breaking its bonds, so we need to know one basic thing about what it’s made of.
ATP • ATP = Adenosine triphosphate. It’s called that because ATP has 3 phosphates.
ATP • ATP stores energy in the bond between its last and second-to-last phosphate groups. To release that energy, the bond is broken… • Subtract phosphate to release energy.
ATP & ADP • …and now it’s not adenosine TRIphosphate anymore, it’s adenosine DIphosphate, or ADP. To store energy, do the reverse! • ADP = 2 phosphates. Add phosphate to store energy.
Checkpoint • What is energy? • Breaking a bond __ energy, forming a bond ___ energy. • What’s different about carbohydrates compared to lipids? • What’s the difference between monosaccharides and polysaccharides? • What’s the chemical that is a cell’s food, that stores large amounts of energy? • Is it a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide? • What is its chemical formula? • What’s the chemical that is a cell’s little battery, quickly storing small amounts of energy? • How do you get that little battery to release energy? • How do you “recharge” it and use it to store energy again?
